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The µmax of B. coagulans in LA batch fermentation mode, with different mechanical energy inputs, determined using the AFG sensor and offline methods. CFV: high level (+) = 1.5 m·s−1, low level (−) = 0.5 m·s−1. TMP: high level (+) = 1.2 bar, low level (−) = 0.3 bar. Values are means ± standard deviation (n = 3).
