Table.

Key Biological Events Affected by Aging during Gingival and Periodontal Wound Healing.

Age-Associated Defects That Affect Gingival and Periodontal Wound Healing	Study Model	Reference
Increased inflammatory response	Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts	Benatti et al. 2009
Epithelial cell migration	Rat gingival wound healing	Cáceres et al. 2014
Reduced cell proliferation	Periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts	Benatti et al. 2008; Cáceres et al. 2014
Increased apoptosis	Gingival tissues	González et al. 2011
Decreased collagen synthesis	Periodontal ligament	Ohi et al. 2006
Increased production of matrix metalloproteinases	Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts	Benatti et al. 2008
Increased collagen phagocytosis	Human gingival fibroblasts	Lee and McCulloch 1997
Decreased stemness	Human periodontal ligament cells	Zhang et al. 2012
Altered myofibroblastic differentiation	Gingival wound healing	Cáceres et al. 2014