Table 1. Demographic, Visit, and Clinical Characteristics among Non-Medicaid Insured Adults With a Primary Care Visit, Stratified by Safety-Net Clinic Use.
| Weighted % (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Safety-Net (N = 4,156) | Non-Safety-Net (N = 32,999) | p-value | |
| Estimated total population | 6,642,000 | 324,961,000 | |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||
| Age, years, mean ± SD* | |||
| Private insurance | 42.7 ± 29.2 | 45.3 ± 12.1 | 0.002 |
| Medicare | 65.2 ± 28.3 | 72.3 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Female | 63.8 (1.7) | 65.5 (0.6) | 0.99 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 54.2 (4.2) | 75.5 (1.2) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 17.4 (3.2) | 10.2 (0.9) | |
| Hispanic | 22.6 (3.7) | 9.1 (0.7) | |
| Other | 5.8 (1.6) | 5.3 (0.6) | |
| Primary payer | <0.001 | ||
| Private insurance | 43.4 (4.1) | 70.5 (1.1) | |
| Medicare | 56.6 (4.1) | 29.5 (1.1) | |
| Dual eligible | 16.3 (4.3) | 2.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Rural area† | 19.7 (7.1) | 14.3 (3.8) | 0.32 |
| Geographic region | 0.04 | ||
| Northeast | 26.4 (5.0) | 16.2 (1.7) | |
| Midwest | 13.0 (5.1) | 24.3 (2.0) | |
| South | 32.9 (6.8) | 38.9 (2.5) | |
| West | 25.7 (6.3) | 20.6 (2.2) | |
| Prevalence of poverty in zip code‡ | <0.001 | ||
| Lowest (<5%) | 3.6 (0.8) | 23.6 (1.5) | |
| Low (5–9.9%) | 15.7 (3.3) | 30.9 (1.4) | |
| Moderate (10.0–19.9%) | 37.3 (3.1) | 29.0 (1.6) | |
| High (≥ 20%) | 38.3 (4.0) | 10.6 (0.8) | |
| Prevalence of bachelor’s degree in zip code | <0.001 | ||
| Lowest (<12.8%) | 46.3 (4.3) | 20.4 (1.3) | |
| Low (12.8–19.7%) | 23.3 (2.6) | 22.3 (1.3) | |
| Moderate (19.8–31.7%) | 16.8 (2.8) | 24.7 (1.1) | |
| High (>31.7%) | 8.5 (1.7) | 26.8 (1.5) | |
| Visit Characteristics | |||
| Seen in practice before | 92.3 (1.3) | 92.3 (0.4) | 0.99 |
| Frequent visits (≥5) in last 12 months | 44.2 (4.0) | 26.9 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Seen for care of a chronic problem | 45.2 (2.7) | 34.7 (0.9) | 0.004 |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||
| Polypharmacy (≥4 total medications) | 48.8 (4.9) | 34.0 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) | 53.5 (3.4) | 40.9 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Types of chronic conditions | |||
| Arthritis | 16.3 (1.7) | 15.0 (0.5) | 0.43 |
| Asthma | 6.6 (1.0) | 5.8 (0.2) | 0.41 |
| Cancer | 3.4 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.2) | 0.18 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.1) | 0.09 |
| Chronic renal failure | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 0.65 |
| Congestive heart failure | 3.4 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.1) | 0.05§ |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 7.8 (1.0) | 5.8 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| Depression | 14.0 (1.8) | 11.0 (0.4) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes | 23.5 (2.0) | 15.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 27.4 (2.7) | 25.8 (0.9) | 0.54 |
| Hypertension | 49.4 (3.4) | 36.0 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 5.7 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.2) | 0.06 |
| Obesity | 12.4 (1.6) | 10.0 (0.4) | 0.10 |
| Osteoporosis | 6.2 (1.1) | 4.4 (0.2) | 0.06 |
* Due to marked differences in age distribution among individuals with Medicare versus those with private insurance, we presented mean age ± SD separately for each subgroup.
† Defined as areas categorized as non-metropolitan statistical areas (non-MSAs).
‡ Categories correspond to quartiles.
§ Rounded from p = 0.054; heart failure was not included in the multivariate model given p>0.05.