Table 3. Predictors of Safety-Net Use among Dual Eligible Individuals.
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| Age, years | ||
| 18–64 | 0.65 (0.42–1.02) | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) |
| ≥ 65 | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Female | 0.95 (0.64–1.40) | 0.86 (0.54–1.39) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.10 (0.46–2.63) | 1.44 (0.63–3.28) |
| Hispanic | 4.31 (2.05–9.07)† | 1.90 (0.91–3.97) |
| Other | 2.01 (0.54–7.43) | 0.89 (0.23–3.39) |
| Prevalence of poverty in zip code | ||
| Lowest (<5%) | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Low (5–9.9%) | 1.10 (0.35–3.45) | 1.20 (0.29–4.90) |
| Moderate (10.0–19.9%) | 1.30 (0.43–3.89) | 1.29 (0.33–5.12) |
| High (≥ 20%) | 4.97 (1.27–19.37) ‡ | 3.46 (0.77–15.47) |
| Prevalence of bachelor’s degree in zip code | ||
| Lowest (<12.8%) | 2.08 (0.68–6.36) | 1.08 (0.41–2.84) |
| Low (12.8–19.7%) | 0.86 (0.32–2.32) | 0.57 (0.20–1.64) |
| Moderate (19.8–31.7%) | 0.71 (0.35–1.44) | 0.59 (0.25–1.4) |
| High (>31.7%) | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Rural area | 0.43 (0.15–1.21) | 1.21 (0.49–2.98) |
| Geographic region | ||
| Midwest | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Northeast | 11.69 (3.71–36.80)† | 10.37 (3.51–30.59)† |
| South | 2.19 (0.88–5.43) | 1.67 (0.62–4.55) |
| West | 12.34 (4.02–37.85)† | 9.36 (3.05–28.74) |
| Frequent visits (≥5) in past 12 months | 2.18 (0.83–5.75) | 2.19 (1.09–4.40)‡ |
| Polypharmacy (≥4 medications) | 2.50 (0.97–6.45) | 2.26 (1.04–4.92)‡ |
| Multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) | 1.19 (0.72–1.95) | 0.81 (0.44–1.51) |
| Chronic conditions | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.52 (0.23–0.93)‡ | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) |
| Hypertension | 1.69 (1.11–2.57)‡ | 1.33 (0.82–2.15) |
| Osteoporosis | 2.14 (1.15–3.98)‡ | 2.32 (1.15–4.68)‡ |
* Adjusted for all characteristics listed in Table 1 and accounting for the complex survey sampling design.
† p≤0.001.
‡ p≤0.05.