Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study populations
| Variable | KORA S4/F4 Sample at S4 Visit | KORA F4 Visit | TwinsUK Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n | 991 | 1735 | 1164 |
| Age, yr | 63.3 (5.4) | 60.8 (8.8) | 50.1 (11.0) |
| Men, % | 70.9 | 48.4 | 0.0 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.2 (4.0) | 28.1 (4.8) | 26.3 (4.9) |
| Current smoking, % | 11.9 | 14.6 | 10 |
| Diabetes prevalence, % | 0.6 | 8.6 | 3.1 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use, % | 11.2 | 16.4 | N/A |
| Antihypertensive medication use, % | 32.3 | 37.1 | 3.8 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134.3 (19.5) | 124.6 (18.6) | 126.8 (17.4) |
| eGFRcr, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 81.0 (13.1) | 87 (15.8) | 93.8 (17.3) |
| eGFRcys, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | N/A | 101 (20.3) | N/A |
| CKD prevalence, eGFRcr <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, % | 6.6 | 5.2 | 3.1 |
| eGFRcr change per year, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 0.6 (1.6) | N/A | N/A |
Continuous measures are summarized as mean (SD) and categorical variables are given as percentages. Mean change in eGFRcr is reported for the subset of individuals with measures at both visits available; positive values correspond to a decrease in eGFRcr over time. The low prevalence of diabetes at the S4 visit reflects the fact that only fasting samples were selected for metabolomics analysis in S4. Such samples were available from KORA S4 participants who had been invited for an oral glucose tolerance test excluding participants with clinically diagnosed diabetes. N/A, not available.