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. 2016 Mar 31;6:22624. doi: 10.1038/srep22624

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Representative crystal violet staining of the migrated cells on the transwell inserts in the HMF (a) and GMF (b) at 24 h. (c) The migration rate of the HMF-exposed cells was significantly slower than the GMF controls at 4 h and 24 h. (d) The migration efficiency of the cells incubated in the HMF-only environment was significantly less than the controls in the wound-healing assay. (e) The motility speed of the cells exposed to the HMF was significantly slower than the GMF control at 2–4 h and 24–48 h. (f) The migration distance of the HMF-exposed cells was smaller than the GMF control during the 48 h incubation period. Data from separate experiments (n = 5 in c; n = 6 in b; n = 3 in e,f) are shown as mean ± s.e.m. The P values were calculated using a one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.