Table 2.
Comparison of acute mild TBI with tICH patients who needed delayed neuro-surgical and non-surgical intervention on admission
| Delayed neuro-surgical intervention | Non-neurosurgical intervention | p value | OR | 95 % CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 13 | n = 327 | ||||
| Median age, years, (IQR) | 43(25, 49) | 50(32, 61) | 0.082 | ||
| Male/female (%) | 9 (69 %)/4 (31 %) | 194 (59 %)/133 (41 %) | 0.573 | 0.648 | 0.196–2.149 |
| GCS at presentation, Median (IQR) | 15(14, 15) | 15(15, 15) | 0.189 | ||
| 13 (%) | 2 (15.4 %) | 16 (4.9 %) | |||
| 14 (%) | 3 (23.1 %) | 63 (19.3 %) | |||
| 15 (%) | 8 (61.5 %) | 248 (75.8 %) | |||
| Anti-platelet and/or warfarin therapy | 1 (7.7 %) | 12 (3.7 %) | 0.403 | 2.188 | 0.263–18.222 |
| Statin therapy | 0 | 6 (1.8 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Hypotension | 0 | 4 (1.2 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Blood test | |||||
| WBC count (1000/mL), Median (IQR) | 15.00 (12.4, 17.05) | 11.7 (8.80, 17.05) | 0.023 | ||
| RBC count (1000/mL), Median (IQR) | 4.74 (4.075, 5.945) | 4.59 (4.26, 4.98) | 0.401 | ||
| Hemoglobin, Median (IQR) | 14.10 (12.85, 14.90) | 13.60 (12.30, 15.00) | 0.606 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 0 | 10 (3.1 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Underlying diseases | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 2 (15.4 %) | 89 (27.2 %) | 0.526 | 0.484 | 0.105–2.228 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 2 (15.4 %) | 49 (15.0 %) | 1.000 | 1.028 | 0.221–4.780 |
| Old cerebral vascular accident | 0 | 9 (2.8 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Coronary artery diseases | 0 | 8 (2.4 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Arrhythmia | 0 | 6 (1.8 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Liver cirrhosis | 0 | 5 (1.5 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Chronic renal disease | 0 | 7 (2.1 %) | 1.000 | ||
| Renal failure | 0 | 5 (1.5 %) | 1.000 | ||
| ISS score, Median (IQR) | 16 (15, 17.5) | 10 (9, 16) | 0.005 | ||
| Single intracranial hemorrhage (%) | 6 (46.2 %) | 216 (66.1 %) | 0.149 | ||
| Multiple intracranial hemorrhage (%) | 7 (53.8 %) | 111 (33.9 %) | 0.149 | ||
| Type of intracranial hemorrhage | |||||
| EDH (%) | 6 (46.2 %) | 26 (8.0 %) | ≤0.001 | 9.923 | 3.105–31.708 |
| SDH (%) | 6 (46.2 %) | 159 (48.6 %) | 1.000 | 0.906 | 0.298–2.753 |
| IPH (%) | 6 (46.2 %) | 105 (32.1 %) | 0.366 | 1.812 | 0.594–5.526 |
| SAH (%) | 3 (23.1 %) | 178 (54.4 %) | 0.044 | 0.251 | 0.068–929 |
| IVH (%) | 1 (33.4 %) | 2 (0.6 %) | 0.111 | 13.542 | 1.147–159.876 |
| Midline shift (%) | 5 (33.4 %) | 10 (3.1 %) | ≤0.001 | 19.813 | 5.495–71.435 |
| Skull fracture (%) | 11 (14.3 %) | 66 (20.2 %) | ≤0.001 | 21.750 | 4.707–100.510 |
| Pneumocranium (%) | 0 | 32 (9.8 %) | 0.621 | ||
| Volume of hemorrhage in initial brain CT | |||||
| Volume of EDH, Median (IQR) | 30.98 (9.68, 46.86) | 2.20 (0.67, 6.71) | ≤0.001 | ||
| Volume of SDH, Median (IQR) | 4.56 (1.13, 17.83) | 1.32 (0.15, 5.38) | 0.092 | ||
| Volume of IPH, Median (IQR) | 2.33 (0.11, 7.3) | 0.59 (0.11, 2.53) | 0.657 |
Abbreviations: TBI traumatic brain injury; tICH traumatic intracranial hemorrhage; N number of cases; IQR inter-quartile range; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; EDH epidural hemorrhage; SDH subdural hemorrhage; IPH intraparenchymal hemorrhage; SAH sub-arachnoid hemorrhage; IVH intraventricular hemorrhage; GCS Glasgow Outcome Scale