Table 4.

Detailed test statistics from the ANOVAs on mean percent correct and response times at each second delay level separately (Analysis 3 in the main text).

			Percent correct			Response times
Second delay	Effect	Contrast	F(1,47)	p	${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$	F(1,47)	p	${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$
0 ms	Set size		104.33	<0.001	0.69	14.49	<0.001	0.24
	Cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	3.08	0.086	0.06	18.17	<0.001	0.28
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	1.44	0.237	0.03	30.53	<0.001	0.39
	Set size × cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	0.03	0.873	<0.01	0.55	0.464	0.01
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	1.75	0.192	0.04	2.07	0.157	0.04
400 ms	Set size		112.75	<0.001	0.71	7.43	0.009	0.14
	Cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	6.93	0.011	0.13	51.12	<0.001	0.52
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	32.94	<0.001	0.41	76.35	<0.001	0.62
	Set size × cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	0.02	0.882	<0.01	0.85	0.360	0.02
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	0.41	0.526	0.01	4.18	0.046	0.08
900 ms	Set size		166.04	<0.001	0.78	15.02	<0.001	0.24
	Cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	6.49	0.014	0.12	63.30	<0.001	0.57
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	37.99	<0.001	0.45	123.42	<0.001	0.72
	Set size × cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	0.43	0.517	<0.01	3.17	0.082	0.06
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	1.46	0.234	0.03	<0.01	0.995	<0.01
1900 ms	Set size		150.03	<0.001	0.76	4.69	0.035	0.09
	Cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	5.76	0.020	0.11	35.82	<0.001	0.43
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	43.82	<0.001	0.48	121.90	<0.001	0.72
	Set size × cue type	Invalid vs. neutral (costs)	0.25	0.617	<0.01	1.66	0.204	0.03
		Neutral vs. valid (benefit)	0.02	0.884	<0.01	0.19	0.668	<0.01

Repeated contrasts were calculated on the variable cue type to assess benefits and costs.