Figure 3.

The proportion of courtships by males from four Alaskan threespine stickleback populations that incorporated or failed to incorporate the zig-zag dance in field and laboratory environments. Only the first courtship per male is included. Cannibalistic groups are present in the field in benthic (black circles) and oceanic (grey diamonds) populations. Although historically absent from the limnetic Lynne Lake population (squares), cannibalistic groups, and male diversionary responses are now common, but the frequency courtships incorporating the zig-zag dance in the field is unchanged (Chock, 2008). Figure adapted from Shaw et al., 2007.