TABLE 2—
Results of Hierarchical Linear Bivariate and Domain Analyses for a Study of Predictors of the Prevalence of Injection Drug Use per 10 000 Black Individuals (Aged 15–64 Years) Over Time: 95 Large US Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1993–2007
| Predictor Variables | Bivariates, B (95% CI) | Domain Analysis, Final Model, B (95% CI) |
| % population who were Black | ||
| 1992, square root | −0.34 (–0.51, –0.17) | −0.40 (–0.59, –0.21) |
| Change since 1992 | −0.04 (–0.06, –0.01) | −0.04 (–0.07, –0.02) |
| % adults (≥ 26 y) without a high-school diploma or GED | ||
| 1992 Black adults, squared | −0.24 (–0.46, –0.01) | −0.09 (–0.32, 0.14) |
| Change since 1992 for Black adults | 0.12 (0.08, 0.15) | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) |
| 1992 White adults | 0.005 (–0.22, 0.23) | 0.05 (–0.17, 0.28) |
| Change since 1992 for White adults, log | 0.02 (–0.004, 0.04) | 0.01 (–0.02, 0.03) |
| 1992 White education * 1992 Black education | −0.09 (–0.29, 0.11) | −0.13 (–0.31, 0.05) |
| Change since 1992 in White education * change since 1992 in Black education | −0.02 (–0.04, –0.01) | −0.03 (–0.04, –0.01) |
| % Black adults (≥ 16 y) who were employed | ||
| 1992 | −0.16 (–0.35, 0.02) | Eliminated |
| Change since 1992 | 0.008 (–0.04, 0.05) | Eliminated |
| Median households income | ||
| 1992 households headed by Black adults | 0.08 (–0.14, 0.31) | −0.05 (–0.26, 0.17) |
| Change since 1992 households headed by Black adults | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.14) |
| 1992 households headed by White adults | 0.09 (–0.13, 0.30) | 0.25 (0.04, 0.47) |
| Change since 1992 for households headed by White adults | 0.03 (–0.03, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.11) |
| 1992 White median income * 1992 Black median income | −0.11 (–0.28, 0.06) | −0.14 (–0.30, 0.01) |
| Change since 1992 in White median income * change since 1992 in Black median income | −0.03 (–0.05, –0.01) | −0.04 (–0.07, –0.02) |
| % households in poverty | ||
| 1992 households headed by Black adults | −0.10 (–0.29, 0.08) | Eliminated |
| Change since 1992 for households headed by Black adults | −0.02 (–0.04, 0.01) | Eliminated |
| Hard-druga arrests per 10 000 Black adults | ||
| 1992, square root | 0.18 (0.01, 0.36) | Eliminated |
| Change since 1992 | 0.02 (–0.004, 0.05) | |
| Jailed population rate per 10 000 Black adults | ||
| 1993, square root | 0.24 (0.05, 0.42) | 0.24 (0.05, 0.42) |
| Change since 1993 | −0.03 (–0.06, –0.003) | −0.03 (–0.06, –0.003) |
| Expenditures on public welfare per capita | ||
| 1992 | 0.29 (0.11, 0.47) | 0.29 (0.11, 0.47) |
| Change since 1992 | −0.02 (–0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (–0.05, 0.01) |
| Expenditures on health per capita | ||
| 1992 | 0.25 (0.07, 0.42) | Eliminated |
| Change since 1992 | 0.03 (–0.01, 0.06) | |
| Expenditures on police per capita | ||
| 1992 | 0.02 (–0.16, 0.21) | Eliminated |
| Change since 1992 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | |
| Number of large uprisings (1960–1969), logged | −0.10 (–0.31, 0.12) | NA |
| Per capita urban renewal funds disbursed (1949–1974), square root | −0.006 (–0.19, 0.18) | NA |
| Death rate among Black injectors, per 10 000 Black injectors diagnosed with AIDS | ||
| 1992 | −0.15 (–0.34, 0.03) | NA |
| Change since 1992 | −0.07 (–0.09, –0.05) | NA |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GED = general equivalency diploma; NA = not applicable. All bivariate models and domain analyses control for linear, quadratic, and cubic expressions of time. The outcome was logit transformed to linearize its association with predictors.
a
“Hard drugs” are opiates and cocaine and cocaine derivatives.