Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of the participants at the initiation of the study
| All |
FH− |
FH+ |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | MWU P value | |
| Age, yr | 38.1 | 4.3 | 37.8 | 4.7 | 38.4 | 3.9 | 0.683 |
| Weight, kg | 93.7 | 11.4 | 94.8 | 10.2 | 92.4 | 12.8 | 0.271 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.7 | 2.9 | 29.0 | 2.9 | 28.4 | 2.8 | 0.367 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 99.6 | 8.0 | 101.0 | 7.8 | 98.1 | 8.2 | 0.161 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 105.0 | 5.6 | 106.1 | 4.9 | 103.8 | 6.3 | 0.082 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.832 |
| FFM, % | 76.7 | 5.3 | 75.7 | 4.6 | 78.0 | 5.8 | 0.172 |
| V̇o2peak/kg, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 31.4 | 4.7 | 30.5 | 4.7 | 32.5 | 4.6 | 0.286 |
| V̇o2peak/FFM, ml·kg FFM−1·min−1 | 41.0 | 5.0 | 40.4 | 5.3 | 41.7 | 4.6 | 0.481 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mM | 4.3 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.707 |
| 2-h Glucose tolerance, mM | 5.8 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 1.4 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0.883 |
| HbA1c, % | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.781 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/ml | 7.5 | 3.2 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 7.7 | 3.6 | 1.000 |
| HOMA-IR ratio | 1.44 | 0.65 | 1.43 | 0.65 | 1.45 | 0.67 | 1.000 |
| HOMA-β, % | 309.8 | 376.2 | 354.4 | 483.6 | 242.9 | 175.5 | 0.708 |
| mtDNA/nDNA ratio | 2,509 | 727 | 2,443 | 835 | 2,587 | 590 | 0.735 |
The P value describes the significance of difference between the participants without and with first-degree heredity of type 2 diabetes (FH− and FH+ groups, respectively) using the Mann-Whitney U-test (MWU). BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; V̇o2peak, peak oxygen consumption; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model of β-cell function; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; nDNA, nuclear DNA.