Table 1. Host- and pathogen-derived phospholipid detectors.

Phospholipid detector	Lipid binding	Comments	Reference
Intracellular proteins
SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)	PA, PI(3,4,5)P3, PI(4,5)P2, PS, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol	Protein tyrosine phosphatase that can negatively regulate signaling pathways by dephosphorylating signaling proteins such as BLNK and SLP-76	Frank et al.122
Phospholipase C delta 1 (PLCδ1)	PI(4,5)P2	Phospholipase that hydrolyzes PtdIns(4,5)P2 to generate second messengers diacylglycerol and IP3	Ochocka et al.124
Adaptor protein 180 (AP180)	PI(4,5)P2	Membrane-bound protein involved in the formation of clathrin lattice during clathrin-mediated endocytosis	Ford et al.125
Early endosome antigen 1 protein (EEA1)	PI(3)P	Endosomal membrane protein required for early endosome fusion	Kutateladze et al.127
Profilin	PI(4,5)P2	Abundant actin-binding protein that regulates actin polymerization and membrane trafficking	Goldschmidt-Clermont et al.104 Krishnan et al.135
Mixed lineage kinase-like domain (MLKL)	PI(4,5)P2, PI(5)P	Soluble protein involved in the necroptosis pathway, phosphorylated by RIPK3 and translocated to the plasma membrane to induce membrane permeabilization	Dondelinger et al,27
Cytochrome C	Cardiolipin	Inner mitochondrial membrane-bound protein that associates with cardiolipin and acts as a peroxidase to facilitate the release of Cytochrome C into the cytosol upon apoptotic stimuli	Paradies et al.131
Akt	PI(3,4,5)P3	Soluble protein involved in a wide range of cellular processes including activation of pro-survival pathways	Wong et al.56 Markman et al.57
Extracellular host-derived proteins
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8)	PS	Mammalian soluble protein secreted by macrophage that enhances apoptotic cell clearance	Hanayama et al.16
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)	PS	Mammalian serum protein that facilitates apoptotic cell engulfment	Ishimoto et al.17
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG)	PA, cardiolipin, sulfitide, PI(4)P, LPS	Mammalian multifunctional plasma protein involved in coagulation, pathogen/necrotic cell clearance	Poon et al.4
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-4 (TIM-4)	PS	Mammalian cell surface receptor involved in apoptotic cell uptake	Kobayashi et al.13 Miyanishi et al.14
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI-1)	PS, cardiolipin, sulfitide, PI(4)P	Mammalian cell surface receptor involved in angiogenesis, pathogen/apoptotic cell clearance	Park et al.15
FIXa:FVIIIa (intrinsic tenase complex; Xase)	PS	Complex formed by Factors IXa and VIIIa during activation of the coagulation cascade that binds to exposed PS on suface of platelets to facilitate platelet aggregation	Adams et al.36
Nicotiana alata Defensin 1 (NaD1)	A range of phosphoinositol mono-/bis-/tri-phosphate, cardiolipin, sulfitide	Plant cationic antimicrobial peptide of Nicotiana alata that exhibits antifungal and anticancer activities	Poon et al.3
Tomato pistil-predominant 3 (TPP3)	PI(4,5)P2	Plant cationic antimicrobial peptide of Solanum lycopersicum that exhibits antifungal and anticancer activities	Baxter et al.70
Meidcago trunatula defensin 4 (MtDef4)	PA	Plant cationic antimicrobial peptide of Medicago trunatula that exhibits antifungal activities	Sagaram et al.48
Pathogen-derived proteins
Multivalent adhesion molecule 7 (MAM7)	PA	Gram-negative bacterial adhesion protein that binds PA and fibronectin to mediate infection of intestinal epithelial cells	Krachler et al.74
CagA	PS	Multifunctional effector protein of Helicobacter pylori that modifies host cell signaling	Murata-Kamiya et al.83
LTcyt	PS	Lethal toxin of Clostridium sordellii that functions as a glucosyltransferase in the cytoplasm of host cells	Mesmin et al.98
HIV-1 Gag	PI(4,5)P2, PS	HIV-1 structural protein that mediates viral assembly at the plasma membrane of host cells	Chukkapalli et al.99
EIAV Gag	PI(4,5)P2,, PI(3)P, PI(3,5)P2	Equine inffective anemia virus (EIAV) protein that mediates viral assembly at the plasma and intracellular membranes of host cells	Fernandes et al.101
Vaccinia profilin	PI(4)P, PI(4,5)P2	Vaccinia viral protein that binds strongly to phosphoinositides	Machesky et al.102
Avr1b	PI(3)P, PI(4)P	Effector protein produced by the oomycetes Phytophthora sojae that enters plant and animal cells	Kale et al.81
Exoenzyme S	PE	Virulence factor secreted by Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria to facilitate host cell adhesion	Lingwood et al.76