Figure 4.

Viral protease 2A is responsible for cytoplasmic relocalization and aggregation of TDP-43 during CVB3 infection. (a) Cytoplasmic redistribution and aggregation of TDP-43 after CVB3 infection. HeLa cells transiently co-expressing HA-TDP-43-mCherry and EGFP-G3BP1 were sham- or CVB3-infected for 3 h. Confocal fluorescence images are presented (TDP-43, red; G3BP1, green; nucleus, DAPI (blue)). Percentage of cells expressing cytoplasmic TDP-43 was quantified over 10 different images as described in ‘Materials and Methods' (b) Localization of TDP-43 after viral protease expression. HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected with HA-TDP-43-GFP and viral protease 2A, 3C, or empty vector for 24 h. Immunostaining was carried out for the detection of TDP-43 using anti-HA antibody (Alexa-fluor-594, red). Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Percentages of TDP-43-positive cells expressing cytoplasmic TDP-43 in 10 different images are shown to the right