Fig. 4.

Illustration of boundary and loading conditions applied to the IB/FE LV models, adapted from Gao et al. (2014b). c: circumferential direction, r: radial direction, z: axial direction. LV cavity pressure loading is applied to the endocardial surface, and displacements of the basal plane are fixed in the c and z directions, therefore permitting only radial expansion. The whole computational domain is represented by the black box with zero pressure and zero tangential slip along ∂Ω, where u is the Eulerian velocity and t is the unit tangential vector.