Table 2.
Group data for each parameter measured, reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. Videofluoroscopy parameters were measured on an ordinal scale, with higher values indicating a greater degree of impairment [14, 49]. The Sydney Swallow Questionnaire is a visual-analog scale ranging from 0–100 with higher values indicating a greater degree of impairment, with a highest possible score of 1700 [33].
| Healthy Controls | Parkinson Disease | |
|---|---|---|
| High Resolution Manometry Parameters | ||
| VP pressure duration (sec) | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.05 |
| VP maximum pressure (mmHg)** | 183.9 ± 9.7 | 150.2 ± 10.1 |
| VP integral (mmHg*sec) | 143.6 ± 12.4 | 133.2 ± 15.6 |
| VP coefficient of variation** | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 1.02 ± 0.21 |
| MP pressure duration (sec) | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.77 ± 0.05 |
| MP maximum pressure (mmHg) | 163.5 ± 8.6 | 149.7 ± 12.63 |
| MP integral (mmHg*sec) | 134.56 ± 10.0 | 143.5 ± 23.9 |
| MP coefficient of variation | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 1.6 ± 0.28 |
| UES minimum pressure duration (sec) | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.03 |
| UES minimum pressure (mmHg) | −5.9 ± 0.9 | −3.1 ± 1.0 |
| UES maximum pressure (mmHg) | 223.0 ± 13.1 | 200.1 ± 8.5 |
| UES coefficient of variation | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 1.06 ± 0.23 |
| Total coefficient of variation | 4.66 ± 0.42 | 7.62 ± 1.07 |
| Videofluoroscopy Parameters | ||
| Initiation of pharyngeal swallow (0–4 scale) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
| Laryngeal elevation (0–3 scale) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Anterior hyoid excursion (0–2 scale) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Epiglottic movement (0–2 scale) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| Pharyngeal stripping wave (0–2 scale) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| UES opening (0–3 scale) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Tongue base retraction (0–4 scale) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| Pharyngeal residue (0–4 scale) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
| Penetration-aspiration scale (1–8 scale) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
| Sydney Swallow Questionnaire | ||
| 1: Difficulty with swallowing at present | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 15.3 ± 2.5 |
| 2: Difficulty swallowing thin liquids | 5.0 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 1.0 |
| 3: Difficulty swallowing thick liquids | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 9.0 ± 2.8 |
| 4: Difficulty swallowing soft foods | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 1.9 |
| 5: Difficulty swallowing hard foods | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 20.5 ± 4.0 |
| 6: Difficulty swallowing dry foods | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 19.5 ± 4.0 |
| 7: Difficulty swallowing saliva** | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 1.1 |
| 8: Difficulty starting a swallow | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 7.92 ± 1.9 |
| 9: Feeling of food stuck in throat | 10.8 ± 3.4 | 21.5 ± 3.7 |
| 10: Coughing/choking when swallowing solids | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 15.3 ± 3.2 |
| 11: Coughing/choking when swallowing liquids | 8.7 ± 2.7 | 11.0 ± 2.7 |
| 12: Duration of an average meal | 12.7 ± 2.2 | 17.7 ± 2.3 |
| 13: Food or liquid goes into or comes out of nose | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 2.0 |
| 14: Need to swallow more than once per bite | 5.1 ± 1.8 | 21.0 ± 3.9 |
| 15: Cough or spit out food during a meal | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 9.3 ± 2.5 |
| 16: Rate the severity of swallowing problem today | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 14.0 ± 2.4 |
| 17: How much swallowing problem interferes with enjoyment or quality of life** | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 4.8 |
| Total Score | 79.7 ± 20.2 | 251.2 ± 34.4 |
VP = velopharynx; MP = mesopharynx; UES = upper esophageal sphincter;
**
indicates parameter included in the one of the models from Table 1.