Figure 3.

Osmolytes affect protein folding kinetics (a) Representative force-clamp unfolding transition. Shown is the extension as a function of time with the unfolding transition denoted by the red arrow. Unfolding results in an increase in the relative position of the trap. (b) Apparent unfolding kinetics as a function of force. Shown are the apparent kinetic rates under all three conditions tested. Error bars are smaller than the plot points and are thus not visible. (c) Representative force-clamp folding transition. Shown is the extension as a function of time with the folding transition denoted by the red arrow. There is a statistically significant on-pathway intermediate observed that is denoted by the blue arrow. (d) Apparent folding kinetics as a function of force. Shown are the apparent kinetic rates in all three conditions tested. Due to the significant change in the rates, it was not possible to obtain complete overlap of the force regime. Error bars are smaller than the points on the plot, and are thus not visible. To see this figure in color, go online.