Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of demographic by breakfast status, 1988–1990, JACC Study
| Men | Women | ||||||
| Eating breakfast* | Skipping breakfast† | P value‡ | Eating breakfast* | Skipping breakfast† | P value‡ | ||
| Number of subjects | 33,039 | 1,089 | 48,189 | 1,093 | |||
| Person years | 550,548 | 17,880 | 815,168 | 18,698 | |||
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 56.0 ± 10.0 | 50.0 ± 9.0 | < 0.0001 | 57.5 ± 10.0 | 51.6 ± 8.8 | < 0.0001 | |
| 40–49, n | 8,875 | 620 | 11,893 | 536 | |||
| 50–59, n | 10,318 | 292 | 15,267 | 359 | |||
| 60–69, n | 9,908 | 137 | 14,831 | 150 | |||
| 70–79, n | 3,938 | 40 | 6,198 | 48 | |||
| History of hypertension, % | 17.7 | 16 | 0.0669 | 19.9 | 19.2 | 0.4676 | |
| History of diabetes mellitus, % | 5.5 | 4.4 | 0.0544 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 0.5756 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, % | 0.8988 | 0.0827 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 9.7 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 14.7 | |||
| 18.5 = < and < 25.0 | 72.6 | 68.9 | 67 | 61.9 | |||
| 25.0 = < | 17.7 | 19.5 | 21.3 | 23.4 | |||
| Smoking status, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Current | 53.3 | 71.0 | 4.7 | 22.1 | |||
| Past | 25.3 | 16.7 | 1.4 | 4.6 | |||
| Never | 21.4 | 12.3 | 94.9 | 73.3 | |||
| Alcohol status, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Current | 76.2 | 69.5 | 23.1 | 32.0 | |||
| Past | 5.5 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | |||
| Never | 18.3 | 24.2 | 72.5 | 63.7 | |||
| Education level, % | 0.136 | 0.6265 | |||||
| College and more | 14.4 | 15.9 | 8.4 | 9.4 | |||
| Physical activity, % | 0.005 | 0.0003 | |||||
| 3 h = < /week | 14.6 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 6.8 | |||
| Walking duration, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| 60 min = < /day | 50.5 | 41.4 | 51.8 | 44.1 | |||
| Sleep duration, % | 0.1906 | 0.003 | |||||
| < 5 h | 4.0 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 8.2 | |||
| 5 h = < and < 9 h | 85.2 | 87.6 | 88.2 | 86.9 | |||
| > 9 h | 10.8 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 4.9 | |||
| Marital status, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Married | 94.2 | 86.4 | 96.7 | 97.9 | |||
| Work schedule, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Day shift | 84.7 | 76.9 | 90.7 | 78.6 | |||
| Night shift | 5.1 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 9.4 | |||
| Shift work (day and night shift) | 10.2 | 18.1 | 6.8 | 12.0 | |||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1,756.4 ± 491.1 | 1,476.4 ± 422.3 | < 0.0001 | 1,444.2 ± 363.0 | 1,193.1 ± 327.8 | < 0.0001 | |
| Dinner time, % | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Irregurar | 3.1 | 11.0 | 1.8 | 5.8 | |||
| Frequency of snack, % | 0.0032 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Everyday | 12.0 | 13.5 | 17.3 | 18.9 | |||
Values were reported as number, mean (standard deviation) or percentage.
All proportions of potential confounding factors were age adjusted.
*Breakfast eating was defined as those having breakfast style of “Japanese style” or “Western style” or “Chagayu style (tea rice gruel)” or “others.” †Breakfast skipping was defined as those having breakfast style of “no or nearly no breakfast eaten.” ‡Analyzed using multiple logistic regression except for means of age (t-test).