Table 2.

The number of death, HRs and 95% CIs for mortalities from cancer, circulatory diseases and all causes by breakfast status, 1988–2009, JACC Study

Cause of death	Men				Women
	Eating breakfast*	Skipping breakfast†	P value‡		Eating breakfast*	Skipping breakfast†	P value‡
Cancer mortality
n of deaths	3,394	86			2,246	42
HR1 * (95% CI)	1.0	1.35 (1.08–1.67)	0.0072		1.0	1.26 (0.93–1.72)	0.1363
HR2 † (95% CI)	1.0	1.27 (0.98–1.65)	0.0741		1.0	1.30 (0.87–1.94)	0.1890
Circulatory diseases mortality
n of deaths	2,517	52			2,532	32
HR1* (95% CI)	1.0	1.48 (1.13–1.96)	0.0052		1.0	1.21 (0.85–1.71)	0.2901
HR2† (95% CI)	1.0	1.42 (1.02–2.02)	0.0485		1.0	1.19 (0.71–1.05)	0.1828
All causes mortality
n of deaths	9,180	219			7,596	117
HR1 * (95% CI)	1.0	1.51 (1.32–1.73)	< 0.0001		1.0	1.32 (1.32–1.59)	0.0026
HR2 † (95% CI)	1.0	1.43 (1.21–1.69)	< 0.0001		1.0	1.34 (1.04–1.73)	0.0234

*HR₁: Adjusted for age. †HR₂: HR₁ + history of hypertention, history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol status, education level, physical activity, walking duration, sleep duration, marital status and work schedule. ‡Breakfast eating was defined as those having breakfast style of “Japanese style” or “Western style” or “Chagayu style (tea rice gruel)” or “others.” §Breakfast skipping was defined as those having breakfast style of “no or nearly no breakfast eaten.”

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; JACC Study, the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.