Table 3. Prevalence of ECG abnormalities among children with SCA and age- and gender-matched haemoglobin AA controls.

ECG abnormalities	Cases n (%)	Controls n (%)	p-value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Sinus arrhythmia	5 (8.1)	4 (10.0)	0.737	0.8 (0.2–3.1)
Sinus rhythm with ventricular premature complex	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1.000	2.0 (0.1–47.9)
Right atrial enlargement	3 (4.8)	0 (0)	0.417	1.7 (1.4–2.0)
Left ventricular hypertrophy	44 (71.0)	11 (27.5)	0.000	6.4 (2.7–15.6)
Right ventricular hypertrophy	5 (8.1)	1 (2.5)	0.462	3.4 (0.4–30.4)
Biventricular hypertrophy	3 (4.8)	0 (0)	0.158	1.7 (1.4–2.0)
ST-segment elevation	3 (4.8)	3 (7.5)	0.899	0.6 (0.1–3.2)
ST depression	4 (6.5)	0 (0)	0.264	1.7 (1.4–2.0)
Tall T-wave anomaly	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1.000	1.9 (0.1–47.9)
T-wave abnormality consistent with lateral ischaemia	8 (12.9)	0 (0)	0.021	12.6 (1.7–21.7)
Non-specific T-wave abnormalities	4 (6.5)	1 (2.5)	0.646	2.7 (0.3–24.3)
Right ventricular conduction delay	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1.000	2.0 (0.1–47.9)
Non-specific intraventricular conduction block	2 (3.2)	0 (0)	0.519	3.4 (0.2–69.1)
Abnormal left-axis deviation	1 (1.6)	2 (5.0)	0.559	0.3 (0.1–3.5)
First-degree atrio-ventricular block	12 (19.4)	0 (0)	0.008	1.8 (1.5–2.2)
Presence of at least one abnormality on ECG findings	49 (79.0)	18 (45.0)	0.000	4.6 (1.9–10.9)