Table 2.

Median Difference in Cytokine Levels Between Delirium Cases and No-Delirium Controls at Four Timepoints in the Discovery, Replication, and Pooled Cohorts

	Discovery Cohort				Replication Cohort				Pooled Cohort
Cytokine (pg/mL)	PREOP	PACU	POD2	POD1M	PREOP	PACU	POD2	POD1M	PREOP	PACU	POD2	POD1M
IL-1β	0.32*	0.53*	0.31	0.27	−0.09	0.13	0.29	0.12	0.26	0.28	0.31	0.27
IL-2	1.26*	1.46**	1.26**	1.16	0.45	0.17	0.51	0.52	0.99*	0.77*	1.07**	0.73*
IL-4	−6.43	−4.33	−9.18	−15.72	12.88	9.82	12.03	7.27	7.13	0.54	−1.56	−2.32
IL-5	0.22	0.68	0.16	0.63	0.16	−0.15	−1.39*	0.44	0.19	0.19	−0.52	0.57
IL-6	1.11	9.13	50.44**	0.16	0.94	6.29	20.17*	0.90	1.01	7.17*	39.35**	0.49
IL-8	1.60*	2.01	0.89	0.20	−1.30	−1.79	0.81	−0.34	0.86	0.68	0.89	−0.18
IL-10	0.04	0.10	0.74	−0.01	−0.05	0.21	0.10	−0.25	0.00	0.10	0.27	−0.11
IL-12	−0.25	0.00	−2.62	−6.40*	−3.89	−4.71	−4.25	−1.47	−2.64	−1.73	−2.88	−4.24*
IFN-γ	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03
GMCSF	0.32	0.28	0.60	−0.07	−1.11	−1.36	−1.33	−0.44	−0.58	−0.49	−0.45	−0.22
TNF-α	2.39	2.52	3.64	3.15	1.83	2.36	2.84	2.39	2.12	2.52	3.22	3.10*
VEGF	5.61	−0.13	5.95*	3.47	0.21	−1.28	1.84	−0.62	3.50	−0.34	4.10*	0.83

Notes: GMCSF = granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN-γ = interferon-gamma; IL = interleukin; PACU = postanesthesia care unit; POD1M = 30 days postoperation; POD2 = postoperative day 2; PREOP = preoperative; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. Bold values indicate cytokines significant in the pooled cohort.

*p < .05; **p < .01.