Figure 1. A schematic diagram of Biodiversity Management of Organic Farming (BMOF) practice in Hongyi organic farm (HOF).

The ‘+’ means money outputs, ‘−’ means money inputs. Money unit is US dollar. All the data showed in this diagram is collected in the eighth year of BMOF on the whole farm scale. This system consists of crops, apple orchard, cattle, forest, chicken and goose. The land areas of crop, orchard, cattle breeding and cash forest are 6.7 ha, 0.3 ha, 1.3 ha and 0.4 ha, respectively. Chicken and goose are free-range fed under forest and apple. Total inputs are separated into labor and materials cost. Materials include machine depreciation, fertilizer, irrigation, seeds, electricity, etc. BMOF in HOF has five main material circles, including: 1) feeding cattle with crop residues; 2) using manure produced from earthworm-digested composting cattle dung as fertilizer; 3) weed management by mulching farming land with chopped wheat straws and or labor; 4) pest management through employing solar light traps and natural enemies; 5) chicken farming in forest and organic apple orchard. All the drawing in this figure was drawn by Da Cheng.