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. 2016 Apr 1;6:23760. doi: 10.1038/srep23760

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(a) ZnO-only film with associated bubble nucleation dynamics and morphology of relatively small separate, irregular sites. (b) Printed 150–500 μm array polymer pattern without ZnO matrix, exhibiting numerous nucleation sites staying separate compared to (c) bi-functional printed 150–500 μm array polymer pattern with ZnO matrix, with single flattened, relatively large bubble morphology. (d) Bi-functional printed 300–500 μm array polymer pattern with ZnO matrix and associated bubble dynamics of less bubble merging as dot size is further increased past 150 μm diameter.