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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet. 2016 Mar 7;48(4):427–437. doi: 10.1038/ng.3526

Figure 4. Gar provides connectivity of vertebrate regulatory elements.

Figure 4

a) The ‘gar bridge principle’ of vertebrate CNE connectivity from human through gar to teleosts. Hidden orthology is revealed for elements that do not directly align between human and teleosts but become evident when first aligning tetrapod genomes to gar, and then aligning gar and teleost genomes. b) Connectivity analysis of 13-way whole-genome alignments reveals the evolutionary gain (green) and loss (red) of 153 human limb enhancers. Direct human-teleost orthology could only be established for 81 elements as opposed to 95 when taking gar as bridge (a). See Supplementary Notes 12.2,12.3, Supplementary Tab. 22, and Supplementary Fig. 37 for details.