Table 1. Primers used for the characterization (PCR, cloning/sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing) and quantification (qPCR) of Pyrrhocoroidea and their associated microbiota.

Target	Target taxon	Target gene	Primer name	Primer sequence (5′—>3′)	Fwd./rev.	Length	Use	Reference
Hosts	Heteroptera	18S rRNA	Pyr18S_2F	GGGAGGTAGTGACAAAAAATAACG	Fwd.	24	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	18S rRNA	Pyr18S_4F	ATCCTTTAACGAGGATCTATTGG	Fwd.	23	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	18S rRNA	Pyr18S_3R	ACATACTTGGCAAATGCTTTCGC	Rev.	23	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	18S rRNA	Pyr18S_4R	GTTAGAACTAGGGCGGTATCTG	Rev.	22	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	COI	C1-J-2183-F	CAACATTTATTTTGATTTTTTGG	Fwd.	23	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	COI	TL2-N-3014-R	TCCAATGCACTAATCTGCCATATTA	Rev.	25	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	COI	C1-J-2530-F	GGAGTAATTCTAGCCAACTC	Fwd.	20	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	COI	C1-N-2609-R	GAATACTGCTCCTATGGATA	Rev.	20	1	Li et al., 2005
	Heteroptera	COII	TK-N3796_rev	ACTATTAGATGGTTTAAGAG	Rev.	18	1	Simon et al., 1994
	Heteroptera	COII	TL-J3033_fwd	TCTAATATGGCAGATTAGTGCA	Fwd.	20	1	Simon et al., 1994
Symbionts	Coriobacterium/Gordonibacter	16S rRNA	Cor-2F	GGTAGCCGGGTTGAGAGACC	Fwd.	20	2	Kaltenpoth et al., 2009
	Eubacteria	16S rRNA	rP2	ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT	Rev.	21	2	Weisburg et al., 1991
	Eubacteria	16S rRNA	M13F	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT	Fwd.	18	2	Boutin-Ganache et al., 2001
	Eubacteria	16S rRNA	M13R	GGAAACAGCTATGACCATG	Rev.	19	2	Boutin-Ganache et al., 2001
	Clostridium	16S rRNA	Clostridium_1050-fwd	CTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGG	Fwd.	20	3	Sudakaran et al., 2012
	Clostridium	16S rRNA	Clostridium_1248-rev	GCTCCTTTGCTTCCCTTTGT	Rev.	20	3	Sudakaran et al., 2012
	Klebsiella	16S rRNA	Klebsiella_250-fwd	CAGCCACACTGGAACTGAGA	Fwd.	20	3	Sudakaran et al., 2012
	Klebsiella	16S rRNA	Klebsiella_453-rev	GTTAGCCGGTGCTTCTTCTG	Rev.	20	3	Sudakaran et al., 2012
	Gordonibacter	16S rRNA	D.fas_Egg.2R_qPC	CCGTATCTCAGTCCCAATGT	Rev.	20	3	This study
	Gordonibacter	16S rRNA	Act-2F	GCGAACGGGTGAGTAACAC	Fwd.	19	3	This study
	Coriobacterium	16S rRNA	Gray519F	CAGCMGCCGCNGTAANAC	Fwd.	18	3	This study
	Coriobacterium	16S rRNA	Cor-1R	ACCCTCCCMTACCGGACCC	Rev.	19	3	Kaltenpoth et al., 2009
	Eubacteria	16S rRNA	Gray28F	GAGTTTGATCNTGGCTCA	Fwd.	19	4	Ishak et al., 2011
	Eubacteria	16S rRNA	Gray519R	GTNTTACNGCGGCKGCTG	Rev.	18	4	Ishak et al., 2011

Abbreviations: Fwd., forward; qPCR, quantitative PCR; Rev., reverse; rRNA, ribosomal RNA.

Use: (1) amplification and sequencing of host genes, (2) cloning/sequencing of Coriobacteriaceae symbionts, (3) qPCR and (4) 454 sequencing.