Table 1.

Associations between DNA methylation and different human in utero exposures

Exposure type	Exposure in utero	Effect on DNA methylation	Tissue	Reference
Dietary/nutritional	Dutch famine	Altered DNA methylation at several imprinted genes, some sex-specific effects	Peripheral blood	Tobi et al. 2009
	Folate and vitamin B12	Decreased global DNA methylation (LUMA) associated with maternal B12 status	Cord blood	McKay et al. 2012
Endocrine disrupting chemicals	Traffic air pollution	Lower global DNA methylation (methylamp)	Cord blood	Herbstman et al. 2012
	Antiepileptic drugs (valproic acid)	Reduced global DNA methylation (Illumina HumanMethylation27 array) and site-specific changes	Cord blood and placenta	Smith et al. 2012

Modified from data in Hogg et al. (2012).