Table 2.

Studies comparing epigenetic differences between children conceived in vivo or using ART

Tissue	Methodology	Sample size	Genes analyzed	Difference observed	Reference
Cord blood and placenta	GoldenGate array and RT-PCR	10 ART, 13 in vivo	736 genes	Yes	Katari et al. 2009
Placenta	Bisulfite PCR	78 ART, 38 in vivo	H19, GTL2, PEG1, KCNQ1OT1, ZAC, PEG3, SNRPN, XIST	Yes	Kobayashi et al. 2009
Cord blood, peripheral blood, amnion/chorion	Bisulfite PCR	77 ICSI, 35 IVF, 73 in vivo	KvDMR1, H19, SNRPN, MEST, GRB10, MEG3, IG-DMR, GNAS, NESP55, GNAS, NESPas, GNAS XL α-s, GNAS Exon1A	No	Tierling et al. 2010
Cord blood and placenta	Methylation specific-PCR and RT-PCR	45 ART, 56 in vivo	IGF2/H19 and IGF2R DMR, X-inactivation	Yes	Turan et al. 2010
Placenta	RT-PCR	65 ART, 924 in vivo	IGF2, H19, KCNQ1OT1, CDKN1C	Yes	Katagiri et al. 2010
Placenta (CVS)	Bisulfite PCR	42 ART, 29 in vivo	H19, MEG3, LIT1, MEST, NESP55, PEG3, SNRPN, NANOG, APC	Yes	Zechner et al. 2010
Cord Blood	Bisulfite PCR, cloning and sequencing	29 IVF and 30 in vivo conceived twin pairs	KvDMR1, PEG1, H19/IGF2 DMR	No	Li et al. 2011
Cord blood and peripheral blood	Bisulfite sequencing	30 IVF, 30 ICSI and 60 in vivo	PEG3, L3MBTL, PHILDA2	No	Feng et al. 2011
Placenta	Pyrosequencing	35 IVF, 35 in vivo	H19, MEST	Yes	Nelissen et al. 2013
Chorionic villi and muscle samples	Pyrosequencing, bisulfite sequencing PCR	75 ART stillbirth, 73 ART multifetal reduction, 90 natural conception stillbirths, 82 natural conception induced abortion	H19, LIT1, SNRPN	Yes	Zheng et al. 2013

Modified from data in Batcheller et al. (2011).