Dysregulated inflammatory gene expression in ϕIGF-1 CKO monocytes/macrophages. (a, b) Monocytes/macrophages were FACS isolated from injured ϕIGF-1 CKO muscle at days 2, 5, and 10 days after induction of CTX injury for gene expression analyses. (a) Inflammatory gene expression was measured in the cells at 2 and 5 days after injury corresponding to peak expression. (b) Expression of M2 genes was measured in isolated ϕIGF-1 CKO monocytes/macrophages 5 and 10 days after injury and compared to IGF-1Fl/Fl controls. (c) BMM were prepared from ϕIGF-1 CKO and IGF-1Fl/Fl and analyzed for gene expression changes by qPCR. For the measurement of inflammatory M1 genes, BMM were polarized with IFNγ/LPS. For the measurement of M2 genes, BMM were stimulated with IL-4 for 12 hours. Data represent mean ± SEM of six tests. For cell isolation experiments, n = 4; *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01 compared to IGF-1Fl/Fl by Mann–Whitney test. BMM, bone marrow–derived macrophages.