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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2016 Feb 15;19(4):568–570. doi: 10.1038/nn.4249

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Distal cortical activation causes contrast- and time-dependent summation and division. (a) We recorded extracellularly from L2/3 neurons in the far monocular zone (MZ) while activating the binocular zone (BZ) by laser pulses on the opposite hemisphere. Colors represent different retinotopic positions. (b) Firing rate in the MZ in the absence (gray) and the presence (black) of distal network activation (n=14, mean±s.e.m.). Time 0 is laser onset. Visual contrast is 0%. Dashed circles illustrate receptive fields of BZ (green) and MZ (yellow). (c-d) Same, in the presence of visual stimuli of 25% or 100% contrast. Visual stimulation started 1 s before time 0 and was restricted to the far MZ. (e) Impact of distal network activation on additive term p (gray) and divisive term q (red). (f) Contrast responses (white dots), and effects of distal network activation after 0-150 ms (gray dots, p=24, q=37) or 150-300 ms (black dots, p=0, q=138). Dots are mean±s.e.m.. Curves indicate the fit of the normalization equation.