Table 1.

Sample Characteristics and Crude (Univariate) Associations with Evidence-Based Treatment Engagement

	Sample Characteristics		Engagement with Psychosocial EBTs		Engagement with Medication EBTs
	%/mean	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Program Characteristics
Program location is rural	74.0	3.17	0.001	0.14	0.04	0.26
Program is located at a tribal location	81.3	2.82	0.14	0.15	0.32	0.29
Type of program1
tribal	53.1	3.60	−0.03	0.15	−0.42	0.28
tribal consortium	9.9	2.16	0.13	0.21	−0.18	0.39
IHS or federal	51.0	3.61	0.16	0.13	−0.07	0.25
independent	25.0	3.13	−0.10	0.16	−0.32	0.31
Funding1
Direct, 638 compact, block grant, or tribal	65.6	3.43	0.53	0.13 *	0.31	0.25
HRSA or 638 contract	57.3	3.57	0.23	0.13	0.001	0.24
Grants (SAMHSA or private foundation)	39.6	3.53	0.23	0.12	0.33	0.23
Medicaid or fee for service	65.1	3.44	0.23	0.12	0.72	0.24 *
Program accredited	24.5	3.10	0.07	0.14	0.37	0.26
Serves adolescents	84.4	2.62	−0.19	0.17	0.65	0.31
Levels of care provided1
ASAM Level 0.5, early intervention	64.6	3.45	−0.31	0.13	0.06	0.25
ASAM Level I, outpatient treatment	89.1	2.25	0.10	0.22	0.17	0.43
ASAM Level II, intensive outpatient/partial hospitalization	34.9	3.44	0.41	0.13 *	0.02	0.25
ASAM Level III, residential/inpatient treatment	19.8	2.88	−0.04	0.16	−0.07	0.31
ASAM Level IV, medically-managed intensive inpatient treatment	2.1	1.03	0.24	0.41	1.52	0.80
Program has an electronic health record system	55.1	3.64	0.28	0.12	0.56	0.22 *
Staff Characteristics
Number of front line clinical staff	5.6	0.55	0.02	0.01*	0.02	0.01
Number of disciplines among clinical staff	3.1	0.10	0.13	0.04*	0.28	0.08 *
Average years of staff education	16.4	0.11	0.07	0.04	0.20	0.07 *
Average years of employment in program	5.6	0.26	−0.01	0.02	0.00	0.03
Staff that are certified addiction counselors
none	10.4	2.20	--A	--A	--A	--A
1–50%	46.4	3.60	0.61	0.20 *	1.05	0.38 *
more than 50%	43.2	3.58	0.77	0.20*	0.92	0.38
Staff in recovery from alcoholism
none	14.6	2.55	--A	--A	--A	--A
1–50%	53.1	3.60	0.31	0.17	0.80	0.33
more than 50%	29.7	3.36	0.39	0.19	0.60	0.36
Percent of clinical staff that are American Indian or Alaska Native
none	16.7	2.69	--A	--A	--A	--A
1–50%	44.8	3.59	0.22	0.17	0.40	0.32
more than 50%	38.5	3.51	0.16	0.18	−0.08	0.33
Program struggles to recruit and retain clinical staff	51.6	3.61	0.19	0.12	0.21	0.22
Program has open clinical staff positions	38.0	3.50	0.14	0.12	0.34	0.23
Program has continuing education requirement	81.3	2.82	0.47	0.15*	0.56	0.29
Clinical Assessment and Program Evaluation
Structured assessment of client's substance abuse at intake	76.6	3.06	0.21	0.14	−0.22	0.26
Formal method to assess client's motivation for change at intake	27.5	3.46	0.44	0.14*	0.59	0.27
Program evaluates effectiveness of services provided	65.8	3.47	0.29	0.12	0.17	0.24
Program collects data on treatment outcomes	64.2	3.51	0.30	0.12*	0.02	0.23
Program has outside evaluator examine the quality of services	40.6	3.59	0.19	0.12	−0.12	0.23
Program has participated in a research or program evaluation	31.6	3.40	0.35	0.13*	0.31	0.24
Evidence-Based Treatment Experience and Attitudes
Feels pressure to use Evidence-Based Treatments	36.5	3.47	0.11	0.12	0.06	0.23
Program requires clinical staff to use Evidence- Based Treatments	43.8	3.58	0.43	0.12*	0.30	0.23
Believes working with an expert in a particular treatment would help improve services	95.7	1.48	−0.12	0.30	0.72	0.55
Evidence-Based Treatments are considered in strategic planning	58.3	3.61	0.48	0.12*	0.59	0.22
EBPAS Openness Subscale	2.3	0.06	0.30	0.08*	0.16	0.15
EBPAS Divergence Subscale	1.5	0.05	0.07	0.08	−0.12	0.16

Notes.

¹Percentages sum to more than 100 as participants were permitted to endorse more than one response.

%/Mean=percent for categorical variables, mean for continuous variables

SE=standard error

EBT=Evidence-Based Treatment

^*p≤.01

A=reference group

EBPAS=Evidence-Based Practices Attitudes Scale