Table 3.
Baseline Participant Characteristics
| Range for Scale Scoresa | African American (n=224) | White (n=225) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSc
| ||||
| Age, mean(SD) | 42.4 (12.0) | 40.5 (11.2) | 0.0930 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 112 (50.0%) | 112 (49.8%) | 0.9624 | |
| Male | 112 (50.0%) | 113 (50.2%) | ||
| Cohabitation Status, n (%) | ||||
| Living alone | 142 (63.4%) | 115 (51.1%) | 0.0085 | |
| Living with a partner | 82 (36.6%) | 110 (48.9%) | ||
| Employment Status, n (%) | ||||
| Employed full-time | 77 (34.4%) | 142 (63.1%) | <0.0001* | |
| Employed part-time | 41 (18.3%) | 29 (12.9%) | ||
| Not currently employed | 75 (33.5%) | 28 (12.4%) | ||
| Retired | 11 (4.9%) | 5 (2.2%) | ||
| Student/Homemaker | 20 (8.9%) | 21 (9.3%) | ||
| Education Level, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school (HS) graduate | 30 (13.4%) | 14 (6.2%) | 0.0027* | |
| HS graduate or HS equivalent (GED) | 64 (28.6%) | 44 (19.6%) | ||
| Some college or tech school | 90 (40.2%) | 116 (51.6%) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 40 (17.9%) | 51 (22.7%) | ||
| Health Insurance that Pays for Most Medical Care, n (%) | ||||
| No | 107 (47.8%) | 102 (45.3%) | 0.6051 | |
| Yes | 117 (52.2%) | 123 (54.7%) | ||
| Income, mean(SD) | $21,293 ($15,501) | $35,806 ($21,035) | <0.0001* | |
| Number of people in household, including self | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.8) | 0.0716 | |
| Poverty level, n (%) | ||||
| ≤100 | 115 (51.3%) | 43 (19.1%) | <0.0001* | |
| 101–200 | 72 (32.1%) | 87 (38.7%) | ||
| 201–250 | 15 (6.7%) | 25 (11.1%) | ||
| 251–300 | 9 (4.0%) | 27 (12.0%) | ||
| 301–400 | 13 (5.8%) | 43 (19.1%) | ||
| Housing, n (%) | ||||
| Own a home | 38 (17.0%) | 77 (34.2%) | <0.0001* | |
| Rent or stay with others | 186 (83.0%) | 148 (65.8%) | ||
| Perceived Health, n (%) | ||||
| Good, Fair, or Poor | 125 (55.8%) | 113 (50.2%) | 0.2361 | |
| Very good/Excellent | 99 (44.2%) | 112 (49.8%) | ||
| Height in inches, mean(SD) | 66.8 (3.7) | 66.8 (3.9) | 0.9984 | |
| Weight in pounds, mean(SD) | 195.3 (51.2) | 182.9 (44.1) | 0.0065 | |
| BMI, mean(SD) | 30.8 (8.1) | 28.9 (7.1) | 0.0074 | |
| Waist circumference in inches, mean(SD) | 37.6 (6.7) | 36.3 (6.2) | 0.0410 | |
|
| ||||
| SMOKING CHARACTERISTICSd
| ||||
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (5.7) | 16.9 (4.6) | <0.0001* | |
| Age when you started smoking regularly, mean(SD) | 18.5 (6.5) | 16.5 (4.8) | <0.0002* | |
| Menthol smoker, n (%) | ||||
| Non-Menthol | 31 (13.8%) | 166 (73.8%) | <0.0001* | |
| Menthol | 193 (86.2%) | 59 (26.2%) | ||
| Longest quit attempt in months, mean(SD) | 24.8 (70.9) | 25.3 (51.7) | 0.9328 | |
| Time to first cigarette, n (%) | ||||
| After 30 minutes | 47 (21.0%) | 57 (25.3%) | 0.2745 | |
| Within 30 minutes | 177 (79.0%) | 168 (74.7%) | ||
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean(SD) | 0–5 | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.7) | 0.2180 |
| Number of smokers in the home(not including self), mean(SD) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.8502 | |
| Partner smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| No partner/spouse | 94 (42.0%) | 78 (34.7%) | 0.1899 | |
| Partner/spouse is a non-smoker | 68 (30.4%) | 69 (30.7%) | ||
| Partner/spouse is a smoker | 62 (27.6%) | 78 (34.7%) | ||
|
| ||||
| TREATMENT PROCESS CHARACTERISTICSe
| ||||
| Withdrawal, mean(SD) | 0–32 | 5.3 (4.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | 0.8090 |
| Craving, mean(SD) | 4–28 | 14.1 (7.9) | 15.3 (6.7) | 0.0890 |
| Reinforcing effects of nicotine, mean (SD) | ||||
| Smoking satisfaction | 3–21 | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.5) | 0.9108 |
| Psychological reward | 5–35 | 16.7 (7.2) | 16.6 (7.3) | 0.9034 |
| Aversion | 2–14 | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.0004* |
| Enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations | 1–7 | 3.2 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | 0.4651 |
| Craving reduction | 1–7 | 4.8 (2.0) | 5.4 (1.6) | 0.0021* |
|
| ||||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICSf
| ||||
| Perceived stress, mean(SD) | 0–16 | 4.5 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.3) | <0.0001* |
| Depression, mean(SD) | 0–27 | 2.1 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.8) | 0.0006* |
| Anxiety, mean(SD) | 0–21 | 3.0 (3.6) | 2.1 (2.7) | 0.0038 |
| Financial strain, mean(SD) | 8–24 | 15.6 (4.3) | 14.6 (4.1) | 0.0137 |
| Perceived discrimination, mean (SD) | ||||
| # of situations encountered | 0–5 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.6) | 0.3167 |
| Frequency encountered | 0–25 | 6.8 (5.4) | 5.1 (4.1) | 0.0003* |
| Race Consciousness, “I think about my race…”, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 109 (48.7%) | 158 (70.2%) | <0.0001* | |
| Once a year | 25 (11.2%) | 25 (11.1%) | ||
| Once a month | 22 (9.8%) | 18 (8.0%) | ||
| Once a week | 14 (6.3%) | 17 (7.6%) | ||
| At least daily | 54 (24.1%) | 7 (3.1%) | ||
| Perceived social status, mean(SD) | 1–10 | 4.8 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.5) | 0.2444 |
| Satisfaction with life, mean(SD) | 5–35 | 20.1 (6.3) | 23.8 (5.5) | <0.0001* |
| Personality factors, mean (SD) | ||||
| Cynicism/distrust of others’ intentions | 0–8 | 5.7 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.7) | <0.0001* |
| Neuroticism/proneness to psychological distress | 0–48 | 12.6 (7.1) | 12.5 (6.3) | 0.9396 |
| Neighborhood disadvantage (self-reported), mean (SD) | ||||
| Social cohesion and trust | 5–25 | 16.2 (4.7) | 17.8 (4.5) | 0.0003* |
| Neighborhood problems | 10–30 | 15.5 (4.7) | 13.5 (3.4) | <0.0001* |
a
Higher scores on each scale indicate more of the factor /trait – e.g., more withdrawal, more craving, greater reinforcing effects of nicotine, etc.
b
Bonferroni corrections were applied to minimize the likelihood of a Type I error due to multiple testing. Variables with a p-value below the corrected Type I error rate for the category are considered significant and noted with an asterik.
c
The Bonferroni correction for Demographic Characteristics sets the significance cut-off at p < 0.0033 (0.05/15)
d
The Bonferroni correction for Smoking Characteristics sets the significance cut-off at p < 0.0063 (0.05/8)
e
The Bonferroni correction for Treatment Process Characteristics sets the significance cut-off at p < 0.0071 (0.05/7)
f
The Bonferroni correction for Psychosocial Characteristics sets the significance cut-off at p < 0.0038 (0.05/13)