Table 1. Theories Guiding the Study of Quantitative Gene × Environment Interaction Studies.

Name of the Theory	Brief Description of the Theory	Paper Describing the Theoretical Background	Empirical Paper Demonstrating Evidence of quant G×E
Diathesis-Stress	A predisposition for the phenotype (i.e., a diathesis), in the form of premorbid risk factors that can be genetic, cognitive, affective, etc., lies dormant until it is triggered by some sort of stressor.	(Monroe & Simons, 1991)	(South & Krueger, 2008)
Bioecological Model	Genetic influences are maximized in stable and adaptive environments that permit positive and enduring interactions—proximal processes—between individuals and their immediate surroundings, which enable them to actualize their genetic potentials.	(Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994)	(Turkheimer et al., 2003)
Differential Susceptibility	Plasticity to the environment is an individual difference, with some people being far more susceptible to (that is, genetically influenced by) the effect of both positive and negative environments.	(Belsky & Pluess, 2009)	(South & Krueger, 2013)
Social Control and Social Compensation	Genetic influences are dampened in certain environmental contexts; for social control, structural process/social norms impose constraints, and for social compensation, the environment lacks stress or possesses enriching properties.	(Shanahan & Hofer, 2005)	(Dick et al., 2007)