Table 1.
Potential biomarkers for osteosarcoma.
| Study approach | Type of biomarker | Candidate biomarker | Regulation | Sample | Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genomics | Diagnostic | C7orf24 | ↑ | Tissue; cell lines | RT-PCR; qRT-PCR; Western blot (WB); siRNA transfection | (62) |
| Diagnostic and predictive | miRNA signatures | — | Tissue; cell lines | qRT-PCR | (58) | |
| Predictive | Multigene classifier | — | Tissue | cDNA microarray; qRT-PCR | (60) | |
| Predictive | Multigene classifier | — | Tissue | cDNA microarray; RT-PCR | (61) | |
| Predictive and prognostic | miRNA signatures | — | Tissue | miRNA microarray; qRT-PCR; immunohistochemistry (IHC) | (59) | |
| Predictive and prognostic | miR-21 | ↑ | Serum | qRT-PCR | (51) | |
| Prognostic | Tenascin-C | ↓ | Cell lines | cDNA microarray; RT-PCR; WB; IHC | (64) | |
| Prognostic | miRNA-214 | ↑ | Tissue | qRT-PCR | (63) | |
| Proteomics | Diagnostic | Serum amyloid A (SAA) | ↑ | Plasma | SELDI-TOF MS; WB | (71) |
| Diagnostic | Ezrin (EZR); α crystallin β chain (CRYAB) | ↑ | Tissue | 2D-DIGE; LC-ESI-MS/MS; RT-PCR for mRNA; tissue microarray and IHC | (66) | |
| Diagnostic | Cytochrome C1 (CYC-1) | ↑ | Serum; cell lines | SELDI-TOF MS; Gene microarray (cell lines) | (72) | |
| Diagnostic | Zinc finger protein 133 (ZNF133); tubulin-α1c (TUBA1C) | ↑ | Tissue | 2-DE; MALDI-TOF MS; WB; IHC | (70) | |
| Diagnostic | Protein NDRG1 | ↑ | Plasma membrane from cell line and tissue | 2-DE; LC-ESI-MS/MS; IHC; WB | (67) | |
| Diagnostic | Gelsolin | ↓ | Serum | 2D-DIGE; MALDI-TOF; WB; ELISA | (68) | |
| Predictive and prognostic | SAA | ↑ | Serum | 2D-DIGE; MALDI-TOF MS; WB; ELISA | (2) | |
| Predictive | Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) | ↑ (poor prognosis) | Tissue | 2D-DIGE; LC-ESI-MS/MS; WB | (69) | |
| Predictive | SAA; transthyretin (TTR) | ↓ (poor prognosis) | Plasma | SELDI-TOF MS; WB | (73) |