Table 4.

ACROBAT-NRSI risk of bias assessment [63]

Domain	Risk of bias in study by Motoyoshi et al. [6]	Risk of bias in study by Chen et al. [84]	Risk of bias in study by Brisceno et al. [25]	Risk of bias in study by Wilmes et al. [33]	Risk of bias in study by McEwan [32]
Bias due to confounding	Serious risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk
Bias in selection of participants into the study	No information	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Bias in measurements of interventions	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Moderate risk
Bias due to departures from intended interventions	Low risk	Serious risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Bias due to missing data	Low risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Moderate risk
Bias in measurement of outcomes	Moderate risk	No information	No information	No information	No information
Bias in selection of the reported result	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Overalla	Serious	Serious risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Moderate risk

Risk of bias scores

Low risk of bias: the study is comparable to a well-performed randomized trial with regard to this domain

Moderate risk of bias: the study is sound for a non-randomized study with regard to this domain but cannot be considered comparable to a well-performed randomized trial

Serious risk of bias: the study has some important problems in this domain

Critical risk of bias: the study is too problematic in this domain to provide any useful evidence on the effects of intervention

No information: no information on which to base a judgement about risk of bias for this domain

^aOverall risk of bias score of the study. The overall risk of bias score is based on the severest risk of bias score that was identified for an individual domain; for example, when at least one domain was scored as ‘critical’ risk of bias, this means that the study as a whole has a risk of bias at least as severe