Table 1.
Confirmed Infections of Humans by Members of the Phylum Microsporidia
| Conditions of Immune-Deficiency or Immune-Suppression | Refs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxon | HIV | Transplant | Cancer | Other Conditions and Risk Factors |
|
|
Anncaliia (syn. Nosema, Brachiola) algerae |
N/ra | Kidney | Yes | Rheumatoid arthritis, ocular infection, steroids, Crohn’s disease, diabetes |
[97,98] |
|
Anncaliia (syn. Nosema) connori |
N/r | N/r | N/r | Athymic child | [99,100] |
|
Anncaliia (syn. Brachiola) vesicularum |
Yes | N/r | N/r | N/r | [99,101] |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi | Yes | Kidney, bone marrow |
Yes | Children, Primary Immune Deficiency, diabetes, heart disease, ocular infection, steroids |
[29,35,102–105] |
| Encephalitozoon hellem | Yes | N/r | Yes | Ocular infection, steroids |
[106–108] |
| Encephalitozoon intestinalis | Yes | Bone marrow |
Yes | Children, ocular infection, steroids |
[29,106,108–114] |
|
Encephalitozoon sp. (undetermined) |
N/r | Pancreas, kidney |
Yes | Diabetes | [115] |
| Endoreticulatus spp. | N/r | N/r | N/r | Ocular infection, steroids |
[108] |
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | Yes | Kidney, liver, heart, lung |
Yes | Children | [33,36,110,111,116,117] |
|
Microsporidium ceylonensis, M. africanum |
N/r | N/r | N/r | Ocular infection, trauma | [108] |
| Nosema ocularum | N/r | N/r | N/r | Ocular infection, trauma | [118] |
| Pleistophora ronneafiei | Yes | N/r | N/r | N/r | [52] |
|
Trachipleistophora anthropopthera |
Yes | N/r | N/r | Ocular infection, steroids |
[51,119] |
| Trachipleistophora hominis | Yes | N/r | N/r | Ocular infection, steroids |
[51,108] |
| Tubulinosema acridophagus | Yes | Bone marrow |
N/r | N/r | [120] |
| Vittaforma corneae | Yes | N/r | N/r | Children, ocular infection, steroids, trauma |
[35,108,121] |
| Unidentified species | N/r | N/r | Yes | Sjögren’s disease, ocular infection, immune-suppressive treatment |
[122] |
a
N/r – not recorded.