TABLE 2.
F.U. Durations, Morbidity Definitions, Enrollment in Study Criteria, and ITNs Use
| F.U. Duration | Morbidity (Including Malaria) Definition When Applicable | Studies’ Enrollment Criteria | ITNs Use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anglaret et al17 | Mean = 0.9 yrs | Morbidity “potentially preventable by CTX,” including: infections with bacteria, toxoplasma, isospora, nocardia, Pneumocystis carinii, and malaria | Aged 18 yrs and older with HIV-1 or HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual seropositivity at stages 2 or 3 of the WHO staging system | Not reported |
| Bulabula et al18 | Cross-sectional study (duration of recruitment: 0.3 yrs) | Malaria prevalence (parasitemia): Positive smear for Plasmodia | HIV-infected and non-infected individuals | Not reported |
| Campbell et al19 | F.U. duration: 0.3 yrs | “Smear-positive episode of fever” and all cases were treated. Densities of >1250 parasites/μL (implying high likelihood that malaria was the cause of the “febrile illness,” “not incidental parasitemia” | Individuals aged 18 or older, with CD4 cell count below 250 cells/μL or WHO stage III or IV | Yes: ITNs provided free of charge to all participant women but no data on use |
| Denoeud-Ndam et al20 | F.U. duration: from 16- to 28-wk gestation until birth | Thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa and read by 2 independent microscopists, with conciliation of discrepancies by a third reader | HIV-infected pregnant women aged 18 or older and living permanently in the study area were enrolled between 16 and 28 wks of gestation | Yes: provided to all enrolled women but no data on use |
| Slide negative after 200 high-power fields were read | ||||
| Positive slides: parasite density was determined per 500 leukocytes (assumption of an average leukocyte count of 8000 cells/μL) | ||||
| Dow et al21 | F.U. duration: 0.54 yrs since study second antenatal visit, to assess probability of malaria-free survival | “First episode after the second prenatal visit” based on a positive blood smear with malaria symptoms | HIV-infected pregnant women, ART-naive, at least 14 yrs of age and less than 30 wk of gestation eligible for enrollment if hemoglobin levels >7 g/dL, CD4 cell count >250 cells/μL(>200 cells/μL before July 24, 2006) | Yes: no data on number provided and used |
| Hamel et al22 | Median = 0.46 yrs; mean = 0.38 yrs | “Clinical malaria”: Plasmodium falciparum infection with measured or reported fever or P. falciparum infection with parasite density ≥400 parasites/μL regardless of fever | Subjects aged 15 or older, who agreed to HIV testing, not severely ill nor in the first trimester of pregnancy, and who were not taking daily antibiotics for the treatment of a chronic illness (excluding tuberculosis) | Yes: data on use available |
| Kapito-Tembo et al23 | Cross-sectional | Presence of malaria parasites on microscopy | HIV-infected pregnant women aged 15 or older and with gestation over 34 wk attending the hospital's ANC clinic. Women with immediate life-threatening medical and obstetric conditions excluded | Yes: data on use available |
| “PCR-detected malaria infection” was defined as positive result of PCR for malaria regardless of microscopy results | ||||
| Klement et al24 | F.U. duration: From 14- to 28-wk gestation until birth | “Positive biological test,” a body temperature ≥37.5°C, and at “least 1 clinical sign”: asthenia, headache, myalgia, or abdominal pain | HIV type 1–infected pregnant women (≤28 wk of gestation, CD4 count >200 cells/μL, hemoglobin level 7 g/dL or greater) | Yes: all enrolled women received ITNs and data on use available |
| Manyando et al25 | SR | SR (see individual studies elsewhere in this table) | SR (see individual studies elsewhere in this table) | SR (see individual studies elsewhere in this table) |
| Mermin et al26 (2004) | Median FU time for individuals with HIV infection, before CTX: 0.42 yrs (IQR 0.4–0.44), and during CTX: 1.46 yrs (1.29–1.47) | Fever and a thick smear consistent with the presence of plasmodia | HIV-1–infected individuals and their HIV-negative household members | Not reported |
| Newman et al27 | Cross-sectional study (recruitment period: February 2008 and February 2009) | Positive placental blood smear: parasite density ≥1 parasite/μL | HIV-infected and infected pregnant women | Not reported |
| Polyak et al28 | F.U. duration: 1 yrs | RDT or smear positive with fever | HIV-infected adults who had been on ART for >18 mo and had CD4 count >350/μL | Yes: data on use available |
| Saracino et al29 | Cross-sectional study (from November to December 2010) | MBS or RDTs | All adult patients (>15 yrs, according to the hospital policy) consecutively hospitalized | Not reported |
| MBS: parasitemia was assessed using a semi-quantitative method | ||||
| Walker et al30 | Median: 4.9 yrs | New WHO stage 4 events, new or recurrent WHO stage 3 or 4 events, and malaria (“clinical” or “microscopic” diagnosis) | From the “DART RCT of management strategies” in HIV-infected symptomatic (WHO stage 2–4) adults aged 18 or more, starting ART with CD4 counts <200 cells per microliter, who reported no previous ART apart from to prevent mother-to-child transmission | Not reported |
| Watera et al31 | Person-yrs of F.U.: 1463 (before and after CTX prophylaxis introduction) | Participants who visited the clinic with a fever (temperature, “greater or equal to 37.5°C”) were examined by a physician who made a diagnosis (primary outcomes) based on “reported symptoms, observed signs, and the results of laboratory tests” | HIV-seropositive adults (aged older than 15 yrs) | Not reported |
| Mermin et al32 (2006) | Median F.U. before CTX was 0.42 yrs | Reported fever and “parasites seen on thick smear” | HIV-infected individuals aged 18 yrs or older | Yes: data on provision available. Not reported on use |
| During CTX 1.45 yrs, during CTX and ART: 0.34 yr | “Parasite density” calculated with WBC count of 8000/μL | |||
| During CTX, ART, and nets: 1.53 yrs | ||||
| Iliyasu et al33 | Cross-sectional study design (1-mo recruitment period) | Episode of fever confirmed as malaria when on blood film examination | HIV/AIDS patients attending the HIV clinic over a 1-mo period (June 1–30, 2012). All adults (≥18 yrs) with HIV infection with at least 1 clinic visit were included in the study (treatment-experienced or naive) | Yes: half of all respondents (53.5%) admitted to using ITN |
| Olowookere et al34 | Cross-sectional study (recruitment period from June to December 2010) | Positive blood film | New PLWHIV (irrespective of age) | Yes: data on use available |
| Walson et al35 | Mean F.U. time: control cohort: 1.85 yrs; intervention cohort: 1.67 yrs | Malaria: fever (>38.8°C) and positive RDT and/or “malaria thin and thick smear” | HIV-1–infected adults ineligible for ART initiation | Data on provision and use available |
| Diarrhea: “3 or more episodes of watery stools in a day” | Proportions of those who both have a net and sleep under it: “intervention group”: 97.3% | |||
| “Control group”: 82.4% (<0.001) | ||||
| Kahn et al36 (2011) Costing | Costing study | “Projected unit cost” per person served, by disease, estimated at $6.27 for malaria (nets and training) | CE study | Yes: data available for provision only. Not on use |
| Kahn et al37 (2012) CE | CE study | Per 1000 campaign beneficiaries, provision of LLINs led to the aversion of 4.31 deaths, 1304 malaria episodes, 125 DALYS, and $10.420 of costs | CE study | Yes: data available for provision only. Not on use |
| Kern et al38 CE | Costing study | “Net cost savings” of about US$ 26,000 for the intervention, over 1.7 yrs CE study | Costing study | Yes: data available from Walson et al 2013 |
DART, development of antiretroviral therapy; F.U., follow-up; MBS, malaria blood smear; RDT, rapid diagnostic test.