Table 1.
Baseline demographic and biochemical profile of 418 subjects on the basis of maternal serum 25(OH) D level
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Vitamin D levels | p value | ||
| Severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) N = 144 (34.45 %) [1] |
Vitamin D insufficiency (10–32 ng/ml) N = 247 (59 %) [2] |
Vitamin D adequacy (32–100 ng/ml) N = 27 (6.45 %) [3] |
||
| Age (years) Mean (SD) |
23.10 (1.89) | 22.99 (5.45) | 22.31 (1.97) | 0.631 |
| Maternal education (in number of years) N (%) | ||||
| 0 | 48 (33.3 %) | 42 (17 %) | 4 (14.8 %) | 0.0001*** |
| 0–10 | 54 (37.5 %) | 97 (39.2 %) | 9 (33.3 %) | |
| 10–12 | 30 (20.8 %) | 53 (21.4 %) | 4 (14.8 %) | |
| >12 | 12 (8.3 %) | 55 (15.3 %) | 10 (37 %) | |
| Husband education (in number of years) N (%) | ||||
| 0 | 30 (20.8 %) | 29 (11.7 %) | 2 (7.4 %) | 0.0001*** |
| 0–10 | 75 (52 %) | 95 (38.4 %) | 6 (22.2 %) | |
| 10–12 | 30 (20.8 %) | 63 (25.5 %) | 8 (29.6 %) | |
| >12 | 9 (6.25 %) | 60 (24.2 %) | 11 (40.7 %) | |
| Socio-economic status N (%)† | ||||
| Lower | 76 (52.7 %) | 78 (31.5 %) | 6 (22.2 %) | 0.0001*** |
| Upper lower | 63 (43.7 %) | 155 (62.7 %) | 13 (48.1 %) | |
| Lower middle | 5 (3.47 %) | 14 (5.66 %) | 8 (29.6 %) | |
| Upper middle | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Months of blood sample collection N (%) | ||||
| March–June | 66 (45.8 %) | 86 (34.8 %) | 17 (62.9 %) | 0.008** |
| July–October | 41 (28.4 %) | 80 (32.3 %) | 2 (7.4 %) | |
| November–February | 37 (25.6 %) | 81 (32.7 %) | 8 (29.6 %) | |
| Biochemical characteristics mean (SD) | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.59 (0.61) | 10.68 (0.76) | 10.85 (1.36) | 0.214 |
| Serum calcium levels (mg/dl) | 7.13 (1.41) | 8.63 (1.26) | 9.39 (0.88) | 0.001* |
| Serum albumin levels (gm %) | 2.69 (0.59) | 2.71 (0.71) | 2.48 (0.63) | 0.254 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase(IU/l) | 152.62 (86.36) | 142.07 (84.65) | 198.56 (85.92) | 0.004* |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/l) | 2.27 (0.52) | 3.05 (0.75) | 3.34 (0.62) | 0.001* |
Normal values of maternal hemoglobin, serum calcium, albumin, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase are 10–12 g/dl, 8.5–10.5 mg/dl, 3.5–5 gm %, 2.5–4.5 mmol/l, and 125–250 IU/l, respectively
* p value < 0.05 significant, ** p value < 0.01 significant, *** p value < 0.0001 significant
†Modified Kuppuswamy scale