Table 3.
Factors for vitamin D deficiency based on univariate analysis
| Variables | p value | Vitamin D levels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe vitamin D deficiency versus vitamin D adequacy (<10 vs. ≥32 ng/ml) |
Vitamin D insufficiency versus vitamin D adequacy (10–31.99 vs. ≥32 ng/ml) |
|||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |||
| Maternal education (number of years) | ||||||
| 0 | <0.001** | 10 | 2.67–37.47 | 1.99 | 0.59–6.51 | |
| 0−12 | 5.39 | 1.94–14.97 | 2.1 | 0.87–5.06 | ||
| >12 | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Husband education (number of years) | ||||||
| 0 | <0.001** | 18.33 | 3.41–98.44 | 2.66 | 0.55–12.78 | |
| 0–12 | 9.17 | 3.23–26.03 | 2.07 | 0.89–4.81 | ||
| >12 | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Socioeconomic status† | ||||||
| Lower | <0.001** | 20.26 | 5.03–81.58 | 7.43 | 2.23–24.71 | |
| Upper lower | 7.75 | 2.18–27.52 | 6.81 | 2.42–19.21 | ||
| Lower middle | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Upper middle | – | – | – | – | ||
| Serum calcium (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <8.5 | <0.001** | 39.58 | 11.88–131.94 | 3.02 | 1.0–9.17 | |
| 8.5–10.5 | 1.27 | 0.27–5.92 | 0.43 | 0.13–1.46 | ||
| >10.5 | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Serum phosphorous (mmol/l) | ||||||
| <2.5 | <0.001** | 14.29 | 5.01–40.45 | 1.26 | 0.46–3.48 | |
| 2.5–4.5 | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Season | ||||||
| Spring | 0.01* | 4.43 | 0.88–22.22 | 3.95 | 0.81–19.18 | |
| Summer | 0.84 | 0.33–2.13 | 0.5 | 0.20–1.22 | ||
| Winter | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
* p value < 0.05 significant, ** p value < 0.01 significant
†Modified Kuppuswamy scale