Table 2.
Results of serum and fecal laboratory tests
| Variable | Sequence 1a | Sequence 2b | Mixed-effects ANOVA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 1 | Period 2 | Estimatec | SD | P-valued | |||||
| BL | PI | BL | PI | BL | PI | BL | PI | ||||
| Serum | |||||||||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 ± 0.70 | 1.17 ± 0.64 | 0.97 ± 0.58 | 1.10 ± 0.58 | 1.03 ± 1.03 | 1.02 ± 1.11 | 1.01 ± 0.98 | 1.18 ± 1.04 | 0.0722e | 0.03746 | 0.0608 |
| Hb (g/L) | 141.7 ± 17.5 | 145.1 ± 17.0 | 136.7 ± 23.2 | 143.9 ± 16.4 | 142.8 ± 20.1 | 145.5 ± 17.7 | 137.5 ± 25.2 | 142.0 ± 18.1 | −0.8654 | 1.6781 | 0.6088 |
| IL-4 (ng/L) | 11.8 ± 4.2 | 14.1 ± 5.2 | 11.1 ± 3.4 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | 11.9 ± 4.3 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 11.8 ± 3.4 | 14.1 ± 4.6 | 2.5258 | 0.5338 | <0.0001 |
| IgG (g/L) | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 10.2 ± 1.7 | 10.6 ± 1.4 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | 11.1 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 1.8 | 12.2 ± 1.7 | 0.1426e | 0.03915 | 0.0007 |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 61.3 ± 29.0 | 69.8 ± 38.0 | 63.3 ± 30.1 | 66.2 ± 28.9 | 58.6 ± 31.2 | 60.7 ± 33.3 | 56.7 ± 31.3 | 64.4 ± 34.2 | 5.9688 | 2.5741 | 0.0253 |
| IgG1 (μg/mL) | 29.4 ± 31.3 | 37.4 ± 39.1 | 31.0 ± 33.1 | 30.3 ± 32.9 | 33.0 ± 28.3 | 28.5 ± 28.5 | 32.9 ± 27.2 | 37.4 ± 31.4 | 0.2424f | 0.07873 | 0.0037 |
| Feces | |||||||||||
| Acetic acid (%) | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.40 ± 0.14 | 0.46 ± 0.11 | 0.39 ± 0.19 | 0.46 ± 0.19 | 0.39 ± 0.17 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | −0.0667 | 0.0226 | 0.0052 |
| Propanoic acid (%) | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.19 ± 0.13 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | −0.006e | 0.0187 | 0.7504 |
| Butanoic acid (%) | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | −0.0515 | 0.0122 | 0.0001 |
| Total SCFA (%) | 0.76 ± 0.24 | 0.76 ± 0.24 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.83 ± 0.19 | 0.73 ± 0.33 | 0.88 ± 0.33 | 0.74 ± 0.28 | 0.69 ± 0.18 | −0.1289 | 0.03609 | 0.0009 |
aSequence 1: A1/A2 → A2
bSequence 2: A2 → A1/A2
cA1/A2 − A2
dValues in bold are statistically significant at P < 0.05
eBecause the variable was non-normally distributed, mixed-effects ANOVA was performed using the square root-transformed values
fBecause the variable was non-normally distributed, mixed-effects ANOVA was performed using the log-transformed values
ANOVA analysis of variance, BL baseline, PI postintervention (i.e., after 2 weeks of each intervention), SD standard deviation, hs-CRP highly sensitive C-reactive protein, Hb hemoglobin, BCM-7 β-casomorphin-7, IL-4 interleukin-4, Ig immunoglobulin, SCFA short-chain fatty acids