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. 2016 Apr 2;16:69. doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0641-0

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© Schenkelaars et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — Scenario of emergence/losses of the PCP members during animal evolution. The emergences (green arrows), duplications (blue arrows) and secondary losses (red arrows) of PCP genes support Ctenophora as the sister group of all other metazoans (9 secondary gene losses, SGL) whereas other scenarios are less parsimonious (Additional file 2). None of these nine potential gene losses can be avoid in the other scenario proposed in the literature. Abbreviations. dsh/dvl, dishevelled; fmi, flamingo; fuz, fuzzy; fzd, frizzled; in, inturned; invs, inversin; pktesL, prickle-testin like; stbm, strabismus; tes, testin and vang, van gogh