Figure 3.

Rapid effects of ketamine on granule cell maturation and proliferation. A, S-ketamine (ket) increased the proportion of 16-d-old BrdU⁺ cells colabeled with NeuN and zif268 (zif) 16 h later, relative to saline-treated controls (sal) (*t test, t₍₄₎ = 3.065, p =0.0375). All bars represent mean ± SEM. B, S-ketamine increased the number of PCNA⁺ (dividing) cells in the subgranular zone 16 h later (*t test, t₍₁₀₎ = 2.42, p = 0.0359). C, Animal treatment time course for short-term effects; ketamine injection was 10 mg/kg, i.p., in each experiment. D, The maturation effect was not seen in 7-d-old cells (t test, t₍₉₎ = 0.98, p = 0.35). E, Animal treatment time course for short-term effects in young cells. F, G, Increased zif/NeuN coexpression and strong NeuN expression were seen in 14-d-old cells within 2 h of ketamine treatment (zif: *t test, t₍₉₎ = 2.33, p = 0.0450; strong NeuN: *t test, t₍₉₎ = 3.55, p = 0.0062). H, Animal treatment time course for very rapid effects on maturation.