| Electron transport chains (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane) |
Radiation (high energy, UV, visible light + sensitizer, thermal, ultrasound) |
| Haem protein/enzyme reactions (e.g. haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes such as cytochrome P450) |
Metabolism of chlorinated hydrocarbons, drugs, nitro compounds, paracetamol, ethanol |
| Peroxidases |
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) |
| Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) |
Particulates (e.g. diesel particles) |
| NADPH oxidases (NOx) |
Mineral fibres and dusts (e.g. asbestos) |
| Xanthine oxidase |
Ozone |
| Lipoxygenases |
Sulfur oxides (SOx) |
| Prostaglandin synthases |
Oxidized foodstuffs |
| Autooxidation of glucose, thiols, catecholamines, metal ions |
Combustion processes (e.g. smoking)Metal ion overload (e.g. Fe, Cu) |
