Table 4.
Characteristics of subjects with and without retinopathy and with and without maculopathy
| Characteristic | No retinopathy | Any retinopathy | OR | (95% CI) | P‐value | No maculopathy | Any maculopathy | OR | (95% CI) | P‐value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%)a | 823 | (70.4%) | 346 | (29.6%) | 1.0 | – | – | 965 | (83.5%) | 191 | (16.5%) | 1.0 | – | – |
| Female, n (%)a | 1473 | (73.0%) | 545 | (27.0%) | 1.14 | (0.97–1.33) | 0.1164 | 1683 | (84.1%) | 318 | (15.9%) | 1.05 | (0.86–1.27) | 0.6426 |
| Mean age, years (SD)a | 59.7 | (13.1%) | 62.7 | (11.8%) | 1.02 | (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 60.0 | (12.9%) | 62.7 | (11.5%) | 1.02 | (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 |
| Visual acuity <6/18, n (%)b | 2112 | (92.0%) | 757 | (85.0%) | 2.04 | (1.61–2.59) | <0.0001 | 2424 | (91.6%) | 422 | (82.9%) | 2.24 | (1.71–2.93) | <0.0001 |
| Mean DM duration, years (SD)c | 7.0 | (5.8%) | 12.0 | (7.6%) | 1.11 | (1.10–1.13) | <0.0001 | 7.6 | (6.3%) | 12.2 | (7.5%) | 1.09 | (1.07–1.10) | <0.0001 |
| Mean random blood glucose (SD) d | 11.2 | (5.5%) | 12.3 | (5.6%) | 1.04 | (1.02–1.04) | <0.0001 | 11.3 | (5.6%) | 12.6 | (5.6%) | 1.04 | (1.02–1.06) | <0.0001 |
| Mean systolic BP, mmHg (SD)e | 132 | (23.0%) | 139 | (24.7%) | 1.01 | (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 133 | (23.3%) | 139 | (24.9%) | 1.01 | (1.01–1.01) | <0.0001 |
| Mean diastolic BP, mmHg (SD)f | 83 | (11.9%) | 84 | (12.6%) | 1.0 | (1.00–1.02) | 0.0016 | 82.7 | (11.9%) | 84.6 | (13.0%) | 1.01 | (1.00–1.02) | 0.0014 |
| Mean BMI (SD)g | 26.6 | (5.6%) | 26.0 | (4.9%) | 0.98 | (0.96–0.99) | 0.0281 | 26.6 | (5.6%) | 25.5 | (4.8%) | 0.9 | (0.93–0.99) | 0.0022 |
| Residence, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Rural | 1829 | (72.2%) | 706 | (27.9%) | 1.0 | – | – | 2103 | (83.9%) | 404 | (16.1%) | 1.0 | – | – |
| Urban | 467 | (71.6%) | 185 | (28.4%) | 1.03 | (0.85–1.24) | 0.7903 | 545 | (83.9%) | 105 | (16.1%) | 1.0 | (0.79–1.27) | 0.9808 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| No formal education | 99 | (67.8%) | 47 | (32.2%) | 1.0 | – | – | 119 | (82.6%) | 25 | (17.4%) | 1.0 | – | – |
| Primary‐level education | 1119 | (70.5%) | 468 | (29.5%) | 0.88 | (0.61–1.27) | 1294 | (82.4%) | 227 | (17.6%) | 0.84 | (0.53–1.31) | ||
| Secondary‐level education | 473 | (71.3%) | 190 | (28.7%) | 0.85 | (0.58–1.24) | 558 | (84.8%) | 100 | (15.2%) | 0.85 | (0.53–1.38) | ||
| College education | 11 | (61.1%) | 7 | (38.9%) | 1.34 | (0.49–3.68) | 0.6827 | 15 | (83.3%) | 3 | (16.7%) | 0.95 | (0.26–3.54) | 0.5779 |
| Clinic type attended, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Government | 1059 | (67.6%) | 508 | (32.4%) | 1.0 | – | – | 1270 | (81.8%) | 282 | (18.2%) | 1.0 | – | – |
| Missionary | 904 | (77.0%) | 271 | (23.0%) | 0.62 | (0.53–0.74) | 1003 | (86.2%) | 160 | (13.8%) | 0.72 | (0.58–0.89) | ||
| Private | 333 | (74.8%) | 112 | (25.2%) | 0.70 | (0.55–0.89) | <0.0001 | 375 | (85.0%) | 66 | (15.0%) | 0.79 | (0.59–1.06) | 0.0058 |
P‐values are calculated from chi‐squared test for proportions and t‐test for means.
a
Data available for 3187.
b
Data available for 3186.
c
Data available for 3126.
d
Data available for 2983.
e
Data available for 2999.
f
Data available for 2997.
g
Data available for 1863.