Table 5.
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis for factors associated with the presence of any diabetic retinopathy
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariable logistic regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P‐value | OR | 95% CI | P‐value | |
| Duration of DM (years) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 1.0 | – | – | 1.0 | – | – |
| 6–10 | 2.38 | 1.93–2.94 | <0.0001 | 2.29 | 1.83–2.86 | <0.0001 |
| 11–15 | 4.32 | 3.40–5.49 | <0.0001 | 3.94 | 3.05–5.09 | <0.0001 |
| 16–20 | 8.03 | 5.86–11.01 | <0.0001 | 7.57 | 5.40–10.63 | <0.0001 |
| >20 | 10.18 | 7.24–14.32 | <0.0001 | 8.05 | 5.55–11.67 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | <0.0001 | 1.01 | 1.01–1.01 | <0.0001 |
| Random blood sugar | 1.04 | 1.02–1.05 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 1.03–1.06 | <0.0001 |
| Age | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | <0.0001 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.0746 |
| Female sex | 1.14 | 0.97–1.33 | 0.1164 | 1.06 | 0.88–1.28 | 0.5146 |
| Body Mass Index | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.0283 | Not included | ||
| Clinic type | ||||||
| Non‐government | 1.0 | – | – | 1.0 | – | – |
| Government | 1.55 | 1.33–1.81 | <0.0001 | 1.21 | 1.02–1.46 | 0.0339 |
| Education | Not included | |||||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |||||
| Primary | 0.88 | 0.61–1.27 | 0.4944 | |||
| Secondary | 0.85 | 0.58–1.24 | 0.3960 | |||
| College | 1.34 | 0.49–3.68 | 0.5694 | |||
| Residence | Not included | |||||
| Rural | 1.0 | |||||
| Urban | 1.03 | 0.85–1.24 | 0.7903 | |||