Table 2.
Estimated means of primary outcomes across time by treatment condition
| All participants | Participants with sleep problems | Participants without sleep problems | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCb | Time | d a | TCc | Time | d a | TCd | Time | d a | ||||||||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||||||||||
| M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | |||||||
| Global PSQI score | SHT | 6.5 | 2.9 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 0.40 | SHT | 8.6 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 0.45 | SHT | 4.4 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.31 |
| CG | 5.8 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 3.4 | CG | 7.5 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 3.7 | CG | 4.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 3.9 | ||||
| C1: sleep quality | SHT | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 1.06 | SHT | 1.6 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 0.24 | SHT | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 2.01 |
| CG | 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 3.3 | CG | 1.7 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 3.6 | CG | 1.5 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 3.9 | ||||
| C2: sleep latency | SHT | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 0.07 | SHT | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 0.48 | SHT | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 | −1.01 |
| CG | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.2 | CG | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.5 | CG | 0.4 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 2.6 | ||||
| C3: sleep duration | SHT | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 0.37 | SHT | 2.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 0.05 | SHT | 1.8 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.83 |
| CG | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 3.3 | CG | 2.1 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 3.6 | CG | 2.0 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 3.8 | ||||
| C4: sleep efficiency | SHT | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.12 | SHT | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.18 | SHT | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.00 |
| CG | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | CG | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.1 | CG | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | ||||
| C5: sleep disturbance | SHT | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.07 | SHT | 1.4 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 0.15 | SHT | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | −0.23 |
| CG | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 2.8 | CG | 0.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 3.0 | CG | 0.9 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 3.2 | ||||
| C6: sleeping medication | SHT | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.54 | SHT | 0.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 0.85 | SHT | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.00 |
| CG | 0.5 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 3.0 | CG | 1.1 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.2 | CG | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 3.4 | ||||
| C7: daytime dysfunction | SHT | 1.1 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 0.15 | SHT | 1.9 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 7.1 | 0.74 | SHT | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.43 |
| CG | 0.4 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 5.1 | CG | 0.5 | 5.6 | 0.5 | 5.6 | CG | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.6 | 5.9 | ||||
| Sleepiness | SHT | 8.2 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 0.06 | SHT | 8.8 | 14.5 | 7.3 | 14.5 | 0.25 | SHT | 7.6 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 8.9 | −0.32 |
| CG | 8.9 | 10.3 | 8.1 | 10.3 | CG | 8.6 | 11.3 | 8.6 | 11.3 | CG | 9.2 | 11.9 | 7.6 | 11.9 | ||||
TC treatment condition, PSQI Pittsburgh sleep quality index, SHT self-help therapy group, CG control group
aCohen’s d indicates effect size of self-help therapy compared to control group
bSHT n = 10, CG n = 15
cSHT n = 4, CG n = 9
dSHT n = 6, CG n = 6