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. 2016 Mar 10;233:1501–1511. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4247-4

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — Representative spectrograms for three main categories of 50-kHz USVs. a Frequency-modulated calls are defined as vocalizations continuously or discretely modulated, with a mean slope >0.2 kHz/ms or with one or more pitch-jumps in them, which is an instantaneous change in frequency. b Fixed frequency calls have no modulation, with a mean slope of less than 0.2 kHz/ms. c Trills vocalizations are characterized by a rapid, massive frequency excursion, either alone or in combination with other calls