Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| p Value Between Groups | COPD | HFrEF | Healthy Adults | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 0.85 | 66.3 ± 9.9 | 66.7 ± 11.0 | 64.9 ± 9.8 |
| Male | 0.01 | 19 (65.6) | 39 (88.6) | 106 (79) |
| Weight, kg | 0.001 | 70.7 ± 16.0 | 82.6 ± 15.3 | 81.0 ± 15.7 |
| Height, cm | 0.90 | 166.4 ± 7.5 | 171.8 ± 9.6 | 170.6 ± 7.8 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.89 | 25.4 ± 4.8 | 28.0 ± 4.2 | 27.7 ± 4.4 |
| Diabetes | 0.07 | 1 (3) | 8 (18) | 0 (0) |
| Current smokers | 0.55 | 5 (17) | 7 (16) | 20 (15) |
| Hypertensive | 0.06 | 15 (52) | 20 (46) | 49 (37) |
| Beta-blocker use | <0.001 | 1 (3) | 38 (86) | 23 (17) |
| ACEI/ATII-R use | <0.001 | 5 (17) | 40 (91) | Not recorded |
| Hb, g/dl | 0.01 | 14.4 ± 1.12 | 13.8 ± 1.35 | 15.4 ± 1.33 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0.05 | 83.0 ± 19.2 | 69.9 ± 17.9 | Not recorded |
| BNP, pg/ml | <0.001 | 32.5 (14–50) | 122 (85–286) | Not recorded |
| FVC, l | 0.01 | 2.75 (2.29–3.06) | 3.57 (2.96–4.29) | 3.80 (3.01,4.29) |
| FVC, % predicted | 0.01 | 88.6 ± 24.9 | 99.3 ± 18.7 | 99.0 ± 16.1 |
| FEV1, l | <0.001 | 1.28 ± 0.48 | 2.50 ± 0.74 | 3.08 ± 0.78 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | <0.001 | 51.9 ± 20.3 | 88.5 ± 21.4 | 102.3 ± 15.4 |
| FEV1:FVC ratio, % | <0.001 | 43.3 (35.8–55.9) | 71.0 (62.7–76.4) | 82.5 (78.0,86.0) |
| KCO, min–1 | 0.007 | 0.94 ± 0.38 | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 1.41 ± 0.34 |
| Ramp protocol, W/min | 0.65 | 10.1 ± 2.8 | 11.3 ± 2.9 | Not recorded |
| LVEDV, cm3 | <0.001 | 75 ± 33 | 161 ± 53 | Not recorded |
| LVESV, cm3 | <0.001 | 27.5 (19.4–36.7) | 99.8 (68.3–145.3) | Not recorded |
| LVEF, % | <0.001 | 58.3 ± 10.5 | 35.3 ± 9.4 | Not recorded |
| LVFS (%) | <0.001 | 27.9 ± 6.4 | 16.2 ± 6.9 | Not recorded |
| LA volume, cm3 | <0.001 | 42.6 (33.3–61.4) | 74.6 (56.4–104.4) | Not recorded |
| TAPSE, mm | 0.004 | 21 ± 4 | 19 ± 4 | Not recorded |
| RV S’-wave, cm/s | <0.001 | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 10.3 ± 2.4 | Not recorded |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range). The p values are between disease groups (excluding healthy controls) by analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square analysis for categorical variables.
ACEI = angotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ATII-R = angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; FEV1 = forced expiration in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LA = left atrial; LVEDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVFS = left ventricular fractional shortening; RV = right ventricular; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.