Table 1. Clinical and functional characteristics of COPD patients and controls.
| Variables | COPD(n = 116) | Controls(n = 116) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years | 58.8 ± 6.2 | 57.4 ± 5.9 | 0.596 |
| Age categories, (%) | |||
| < 60 | 32 (27.6) | 40 (34.5) | 0.257 |
| ≥ 60 | 84 (72.4) | 76 (65.5) | |
| Mean BMI, Kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 7.2 | 23.5 ± 6.8 | 0.541 |
| Smoking status, (%) | |||
| Smoker a | 39 (33.6) | 20 (17.2) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker a | 64 (55.2) | 46 (39.7) | |
| Non-smoker | 13 (11.2) | 50 (43.1) | |
| Brinkman smoking index | 1341 ± 892 | 748 ± 301 | <0.001 |
| Positive Family history of COPD | 73 (63.0) | 72 (62.1) | 0.892 |
| GOLD stage | |||
| Grade 2 | 34 (29.3) | ||
| Grade 3 | 50 (43.1) | ||
| Grade 4 | 32 (27.6) | ||
| Dyspnea severity | |||
| Grade 2 | 19 (16.4) | ||
| Grade 3 | 67 (57.8) | ||
| Grade 4 | 30 (25.8) | ||
| CAT score, mean | 21.3 ± 8.21 | ||
| Exacerbations ≥ 2 times last year, (%) | 56 (48.3) | ||
| ICU admission last year, (%) | 32 (27.6) | ||
| Regular medications | |||
| SABA | 13 (11.2) | ||
| ICS + SABA | 26 (22.4) | ||
| ICS + LABA | 26 (22.4) | ||
| ICS + SABA + LABA | 41 (35.3) | ||
| Pre-bronchodilator parameters | |||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 40.4 ± 14.6 | 91.9 ± 11.5 | 0.011 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 55.2 ± 19.6 | 87.1 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC | 57.8 ± 7.71 | 86.0 ± 5.90 | 0.004 |
| Post-bronchodilator parameters | |||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 42.2 ± 16.4 | ||
| FEV1/FVC | 58.8 ± 7.1 | ||
| BDR | |||
| BDRABS (mL) | 49.6 ± 44 | ||
| BDRPRED (%) | 1.8 ± 1.5 | ||
| BDRBASE (%) | 4.3 ± 3.6 |
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation or as n (%). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI, body mass index, Brinkman smoking index number of cigarettes per day times the number of years, CAT, COPD Assessment Test for estimating impact on health status, ICU intensive care unit, SABA short-acting β2-agonist, LABA Long- acting β2-agonist, ICS inhaled corticosteroids. Spirometry results before bronchodilatation (pre-BD) and after bronchodilatation (post-BD). FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in the first second, FVC forced vital capacity, BDR bronchodilator response, BDRABS absolute change in FEV1 = (post-BD FEV1 –pre-BD FEV1), BDRBASE change in FEV1 as a percent of baseline FEV1 = [(post-BD FEV1 –pre-BD FEV1) / (pre-BD FEV1)× 100], BDRPRED change in FEV1 as a percent of predicted FEV1 = [(post-BD FEV1 –pre-BD FEV1) / (predicted FEV1) × 100]. Chi-square test followed by Tukey Style Multiple Comparisons of Proportions and Mann-Whitney U test, were used. Bold values indicate statistically significant at p < 0.05,
a Indicates significant difference from non-smoker group at p < 0.05.