Table 1.
Prevalence of osteoporosis defined by BMD and vertebral fracture evaluated by X-ray exams
| Study | N | Sex (M/F) | Age (years) | BMI (kg/cm2) | FEV1 %pred | Osteopenia by BMD | Osteoporosis by BMD | Vertebral fracture | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graat-Verboom et al6 | 775 | 67/33 | 63 | 24.9 | 46.7 | 27%–67% | 9%–69% | – | A systematic review of osteoporosis (defined by BMD) in COPD including13 studiesa |
| Watanabe et al7 | 136 | 136/0 | 71 | 21.5 | 55.8 | 43% (21/49)b | 39% (19/49)b | 79% | Patients in a Japanese general hospital, including 17% patients with past oral and/or intravenous corticosteroid use |
| Graat-Verboom et al10 | 255 | 158/97 | 68 | 27.1 | 64.0 | 46% | 24% | 37% | Clinically stable COPD patients including 23 patients with oral corticosteroids Osteoporosis defined by BMD and X-ray: 51% |
| Ferguson et al39 | 658 | 382/276 | 65 | 26.7 | 44.0 | 42% | 23% | – | Outpatients of TORCH study whose BMD data were available, including191 patients with a history of oral corticosteroid use |
| Graat-Verboom et al40 | 133 | 80/53 | 69 | 26.8 | 63.4 | 48% | 22% | 32% | Clinically stable outpatients, including 16 patients with chronic oral corticosteroids Osteoporosis defined by BMD and X-ray: 47% |
| Silva et al42 | 95 | 62/33 | 67 | 25.8 | 41.0 | 42% | 42% | – | Outpatients at a general, tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital, including34 patients with a history of oral corticosteroid use |
| Ogura-Tomomatsu et al50 | 85 | 78/7 | 75 | – | – | 22% | 24% | 35% | Patients referred to a pulmonary clinic, including nine patients with oral corticosteroid use |
| Hattiholi and Gaude43 | 102 | 64/38 | 66 | – | – | 20% | 67% | – | Outpatients at a tertiary-care hospital |
| Carter et al14 | 350 | 350/0 | 68 | – | – | – | – | 52% | Patients with symptomatic COPD episodes. Another radiologist reported a fracture rate of 5.4% |
| Jorgensen et al28 | 62 | 16/46 | 63 | – | 32.6 | 30% | 41% | 24% (3/15)c | Patients with severe airflow limitation aged between 50 and 70 years, including nine patients with continuous oral glucocorticoids treatment |
| McEvoy et al46 | 312 | 312/0 | 69 | – | 52.7 | – | – | Thoracic/lumbar: 49%/17% | Outpatients using inhaled β-agonists or corticosteroids, including 125 patients with systemic corticosteroids |
| Papaioannou et al47 | 127 | – | 72 | – | 32.5 | – | – | 27% | Patients admitted to an acute care hospital, including patients with oral(74.7%) or inhaled (86.6%) corticosteroids |
| Nuti et al48 | 3,030 | 1,778/1,262 | 70 | 27.0 | – | – | – | 41% | Clinically stable outpatients. Only chest X-rays were evaluated |
| Kjensli et al49 | 465 | 231/234 | 63 | 25.0 | 45.0 | – | – | 31% | Admitted COPD patients attending a 4-week rehabilitation program, including 201 patients with a history of oral corticosteroid use |
| Katsura and Kida37 | 20 | 0/20 | 72 | 22.0 | 49.9 | – | 50% | 40% | Postmenopausal COPD patients without a history of chronic systemic corticosteroid use |
Notes:
a
The 13 studies analyzed in the systematic review by Graat-Verboom et al6 have been excluded from the table. (–), not reported in the original paper.
b
BMD was measured only in 49 subjects.
c
Fracture was evaluated only in 15 subjects.
Abbreviations: N, the number of subjects; M/F, males/females; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; %pred, percent of the predicted value; BMD, bone mineral density; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TORCH, TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health.