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Risk factors of osteoporosis in COPD
| General/common |
|---|
| Older age |
| Smoking |
| Low BMI |
| Reduced physical activity |
| Disease-specific |
| Systemic inflammation |
| Pulmonary dysfunction |
| Glucocorticoid use |
| Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index.
