Table 3.

Common varieties of CMMMs and their original species.

No	Materia Medica	Herbal Nature	Functions and Treatments	Medicament Portions	Original Species	Main Distribution Areas
Cyanobacteria
1	Spirulina	Sweet and salty in flavor, cool-natured	Nourishing and strengthening body, strengthening spleen and nourishing stomach, invigorating kidney, reducing blood lipids, reducing adverse reactions of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer. Mainly treating digestive tract ulcer, iron-deficiency anemia, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, chronic liver disease, malnutrition, weakness after illness, adjuvant therapy for cancer.	Frond	Spirulina platensis (Notdstedt) Geitler	Widely distributed in warm sea areas; have been artificial cultured in industry in China.
Algae
2	Gelidium	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Clearing heat and detoxifying, Clearing lung and eliminating phlegm, dispersing blood stasis, lubricating intestines, eliminating piles and stopping bleeding, dispelling ascarid. Mainly treating lung-heat and expectoration, goiter and tumor, crewels, enteritis, diarrhea, chronic constipation, ascariasis, bronchitis, nephropyelitis, piles bleeding, tumor.	Frond	Gelidium amansii (Lamouroux) Lamouroux	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea, China; Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Gelidium crinale (Turn.) Gaillon	The coastal area of China; the west coast of the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Vietnam.
					Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feldm. et Hamel	The sea areas of Hainan, Xisha Islands, and Taiwan, China; the west Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.
3	Eucheuma denticulate Kappaphycus	Salty, mild-natured	Clearing heat and eliminating phlegm, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, relieving cough, eliminating hemorrhoids. Mainly treating phlegm-heat and cough, piles, goiter and tumor, crewels, trachitis, pneumonia.	Frond	Eucheuma denticulatum (N. L. Burman) Collins et Hervey	The sea areas of Xisha Islands, and Taiwan, China; Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
					Kappaphycus cottonii (Weber-van Bosse) Doty	The coastal areas of Qionghai country in Hainan, Xisha Islands, and Lanyu Islands of Taiwan, China; the Ryukyu Islands; Philippines, Guam, and Tanzania.
					Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty	The sea areas of Hainan, and Xisha Islands, China; Mozambique, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
4	Gracilaria	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, dissipating phlegm, clearing heat and detoxifying, inducing diuresis, purgation. Mainly treating calor internus and subcutaneous nodule, qi stagnation due to goiter and tumor, difficult urination, urine sting, bronchitis, thyroid swelling, enteritis and dysentery, chronic constipation.	Frond	Gracilaria asiatica Zhang et Xia	The coastal area of China; Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Gracilaria chouae Zhang et Xia	The coastal areas of Fujian, and Hainan, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey	The coastal areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan, China; Japan, America, Australia, and Brazil.
					Gracilaria eucheumoides Harvey	The coastal areas of Hainan, and Taiwan, China; Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia.
					Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber-van Bosse	The coastal area of Shandong, China; Philippines, Tailand, Costa Rica, Columbia, Canada, and Britain.
5	Laminariae Thallus	Salty, cold-natured	Dissolving phlegm, relieving cough and asthma, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, promoting diuresis and dredging stranguria. Mainly treating qi stagnation due to goiter and tumor, crewels, dysphagia, cough, morbid leukorrhea, nocturnal emission and semen spillage, dropsical beriberi, malignant sore, goiter, lymphonodi cervicales swelling, splenohepatomegalia and ascites, stranguria, chronic bronchitis, testis swelling and pain, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, senile cataract.	Thallus	Laminaria japonica Aresch.	The coastal areas of Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula; cultivated in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong, China; Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Ecklonia kurome Okam.	The coastal areas of Yushan Island of Zhejiang and Pingtan Island of Fujian, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur.	The coastal areas of Liaoning (Lvda), Shandong (Yantai, Weihai, Rongcheng, and Qingdao), and Zhejiang (Shengsi islands); Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
6	Macrocystis	Salty, cold-natured	Clearing heat and eliminating phlegm, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema. Mainly treating goiter, lymphonodi cervicales swelling, trachitis, hypertension.	Frond	Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh	Aquicultured in the sea areas of Liaoning (Dalian), and Shandong (Changdao), China; the west coastal areas of North America and South America.
7	Sargassum	Salty, cold-natured	Dissolving phlegm, inducing diuresis, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, detumescence, discharging heat. Mainly treating goiter and tumor, crewels, intestine obstruction and accumulation, carbuncle and furunculosis, phlegm and fluid retention, edema, disuria and urine retention, micturition disorders, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, angina pectoris, skin disease, myoma of uterus, testis swelling and pain, iodine deficiency disease, tumor.	Frond	Hizikia fusiforme (Harv.) Okamura	The coastal area of China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Sargassum confusum C. Ag.	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, China; Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
8	Enteromorpha	Salty, cold-natured	Softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, dissipating phlegm and removing qi stagnation, clearing heat and detoxifying, detumescence and hemostasis. Mainly treating goiter and tumor, crewels, abdominal distension, food retention, intestinal parasitosis, dysphoria, sore and furuncle, swelling, carbuncle on the back.	Frond	Enteromorpha prolifera (Muller) J. Agardh	The coastal area of China; Russia, and Japan.
					Entermorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville	The coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan; Russia, and Japan.
					Entermorpha compressa (L.) Grev.	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and Taiwan, China; the west and east coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red sea, and Mediterranean.
					Entermorpha linza (L.) J. Ag.	The coastal area of China; Russia, Japan, Korean Peninsula, and Vietnam.
					Entermorpha flexuosa (Wulf.) J.Ag.	The coastal areas of Guangdong, and Hainan, China; Japan to Malaya Peninsula, California coast of America to Ecuador, Polynesia, Oceania, and Atlantic Ocean.
					Entermorpha intestinalis (L.) Link	The coastal area of China, Russia, and Japan.
9	Ulva	Salty and sweet in flavor, cold-natured	Inducing diuresis to alleviate edema, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, clearing heat and detoxifying, dissipating phlegm, decompression.	Frond	Ulva lactuca Linnaeus	The coastal areas from Zhejiang to Hainan, China; Japan, and Vietnam.
					Ulva pertusa Kjellman	The Bohai Sea, and the Yellow Sea, China; Russia, Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
					Ulva fasciata Delile	The coastal area of Guangdong, China; The Ryukyu islands, Malaysia, the east coast of Pacific Ocean, and Oceania.
Salt marsh vascular plants, mangroves and seashore associated embryophytes
10	Suaedae Glaucae Herba	Slightly salty, cool-natured	Clearing heat, removing food retention. Mainly treating food retention and fever	Whole herb	Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge	The coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
11	Suaedae Salsae Herba seu Semen	Slightly salty, cool-natured	Seed oil: available for patients suffered from hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia.	Whole herb and seeds	Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall.	The coastal areas of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, China; other areas of Asian.
12	Acanthi Ilicifolii Radix seu Herba	Slightly bitter, cool-natured	Clearing heat and detoxifying, eliminating stasis to subdue swelling, relieving pain, dissipating phlegm and eliminating dampness, Relieving cough and asthma. Mainly treating parotic swelling, crewels, splenohepatomegalia, acute and chronic hepatitis, stomachache, lumbar muscle strain, phlegm heat and cough with asthma, jaundice, gonoblennorrhea.	Root or branches and leaves	Acanthus ilicifolius L.	The coastal areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, China.
13	Glehniae Radix	Sweet and slightly bitter in flavor, cool-natured	Nourishing Yin to clear away lung-heat, benefiting stomach and promoting the secretion of saliva, invigorating asthenia and clearing heat, moistening lung to arrest cough. Mainly treating lung-heat and irritating dry cough, over-strained cough and bloody phlegm, consumptive disease and chronic dry cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, lung dryness, consumptive lung disease, deficiency of stomach-Yin, saliva deficiency due to pyreticosis, dry pharynx and thirst, lung cancer.	Root	Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq.	The coastal areas of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan; also planted in Shandong, Fujian, and Inner Mongolia, China; Korean Peninsula, Japan, and Russia.
Animals
14	Rhopilema	Salty flavor, mild-natured	Dissipating phlegm and removing stagnation, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, detumescence by detoxification; mainly treating cough and humid asthma, mass in the abdomen, head-wind and innominate toxic swelling, erysipelas, ecthyma, rheumatic arthritis, and leukorrhagia.	Fimbria	Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye	The sea areas from Liaoning to Fujian, China.
					Rhopilema hispidum Vanhoeffen	The sea areas from Shantou, Guangdong to Leizhou Peninsula and Weizhou Island, Guangxi, China.
15	Acropora	Acrid flavor, mild-natured	Dispelling wind and arresting itching, detoxifying and removing blood stasis; mainly treating itch of skin, tinea tonsure, sore and carbuncle, postnatal congestion and block, and urolithiasis.	Coral skeleton	Acropora pulchra (Brook)	The sea areas of Nansha Islands, Xisha Islands, Taiwan, Hainnan, and Guangxi, China.
					Acropora sp.	The sea areas of Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, Dongsha Islands, Taiwan, Guangdong, and Hainan, China.
					Acropora ariega (Dana)	The sea areas of Dongsha Islands, Nansha Islands, Xisha Islands, Taiwan, and Hainan, China.
16	Tylorrhynchus et Nectoneanthes et Neanthes	Sweet flavor, warm-natured	Invigorating spleen and stomach, fundoscopic, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema. Mainly treating weakness of the spleen and stomach, dyspepsia, diarrhea, anemia, edema, difficulty in micturition, scabies, dermatophytosis.	Whole body	Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus (Quatrefages)	The estuary areas of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan, and the far-eastern Russia.
					Nectoneanthes oxypoda (Marenzeller)	The coastal areas of China; Japan, Korean Peninsula, Australia, and New Zealand.
					Neanthes japonica (Izuka)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea, China; the coastal areas of Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
17	Haliotidis Concha	Salty flavor, cold-natured	Calming the liver and suppressing Yang, clearing heat and calming wind, improving eyesight and clearing nebula, reducing blood pressure, dredging stranguria. Mainly treating headache and dizziness, conjunctival congestion and nephelium, dim-sighted, glaucoma and night blindness, wind-heat in liver and lung, hectic fever due to Yin-deficiency, five kinds of stranguria, hyperacidity, hypertension, apoplexia.	Conch	Haliotis diversicolor Reeve	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; the tropical sea areas of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
					Haliotis discus hannai Ino	The coastal areas of Liaoning and Shandong Peninsula, China.
					Haliotis asinina Linnaeus	The South China Sea, China; The coastal areas of Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, and Australia.
					Haliotis ovina Gmelin	The East China Sea, the South China Sea, China.
					Haliotis laevigata Donovan	The southwest sea area of Australia.
					Haliotis ruber Leach	The coastal areas of Australia; aquiculture in the coastal areas of Guangdong, and Hainan, China.
18	Haliotidis Musculus	Sweet and salty in flavor, mild-natured	Nourishing Yin and clearing heat, replenishing vital essence to improve eyesight, nourishing blood and liver, regulating menstruation and lactogenesis, moisturizing dryness and stimulating appetite, benefiting intestines and dredging stranguria. Mainly treating consumptive fever and hectic fever due to Yin-deficiency, cough, glaucoma and cataracta, Irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia and morbid leukorrhea, hypogalactia after delivery, stranguria and turbid discharge, kidney asthenia, frequent urination, dry stool.	Meat	Haliotis diversicolor Reeve	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; the tropical sea areas of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
					Haliotis discus hannai Ino	The coastal areas of Liaoning and Shandong Peninsula, China.
					Haliotis asinina Linnaeus	The South China Sea, China; The coastal areas of Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, and Australia.
					Haliotis ovina Gmelin	The East China Sea, the South China Sea, China.
					Haliotis laevigata Donovan	The southwest sea area of Australia.
					Haliotis ruber Leach	The coastal areas of Australia; aquiculture in the coastal areas of Guangdong, and Hainan, China.
19	Turbinis Operculum	Salty flavor, mild-natured	Clearing muggy, eliminating pyrophlegm, Clearing sore-toxin, Clearing hepatic fire, checking diarrhea and dysentery. Mainly treating pain in gastric cavity and abdomen, hematochezia and dysentery, difficulty and pain in micturition, headache, hemorrhoids and fistula, head-sore, ungual gangrence, mange, hypertension.	Operculum	Turbo cornutus Solander	The coastal areas from Zhejiang to Hainan, China; from the southern part of Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan; the southern part of Korean Peninsula.
					Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus	The coastal areas of Taiwan and Hainan, the sea areas of Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands, China; Philippines, Amami-Oshima, Japan, Indonesia, the northern part of Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Andaman Islands, and Seychelles Islands.
					Turbo bruneus (Röding)	The coastal areas of Guangdong and Hainan, China; Japan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Fiji Islands, Indonesia, Australia, and the Indian Ocean.
					Turbo chryostomus Linnaeus	The coastal areas of Taiwan and Hainan, China; the sea areas of Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, Australia, Nicobar Islands, and South Africa.
					Turbo petholatus Linnaeus	The sea areas of Xisha Islands Nansha Islands, and Taiwan, China; Philippines, and Amami-Oshima, Japan.
					Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus	The sea areas of Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, and Taiwan, China; Philippines, and Ban Tak Islands.
20	Rapanae Musculus	Sweet flavor, cool-natured	Removing heat to brighten vision. Mainly treating liver heat and conjunctival congestion, ophthalmalgia, epigastrium and abdomen thermalgia.	Meat	Rapana venosa (Valenciennes)	The coastal areas from Liaoning to Fujian, China.
					Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas of Guangdong and Hainan, China.
21	Rapanae Concha	Salty flavor, cold-natured	Relieving hyperacidity and analgesia, dissipating phlegm and removing qi stagnation, calming liver wind. Mainly treating gastric and duodenal ulcer, neurasthenia, contracture of hands and feet, chronic osteomyelitis, scrofula.	Conch	Rapana venosa (Valenciennes)	The coastal areas from Liaoning to Fujian, China.
					Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas of Guangdong and Hainan, China.
22	Arcae Concha	Sweet and salty in flavor, mild-natured	Dissolving phlegm and breaking stagnate, dissipation of mass and removing food retention, removing stasis and relieving pain, relieving hyperacidity, Relieving cough, stop dysentery, stop bleeding. Mainly treating intestine obstruction and abdominal mass, phlegmatic mass, chronic cough, crewels, goiter and tumor, epigastralgia, epigastic upset, acid regurgitation, diarrhea, ulcerative gingivitis, bleeding wound, chilblain, burn and scald.	Conch	Scapharca broughtonii (Schrenck)	The northern part of the Yellow Sea, China; The sea areas of far-eastern Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas of China; the sea areas from Indian to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Scapharca kagoshimensis (Tokunaga)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, China; the coastal areas of Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
23	Mytili et Pernae Musculus	Sweet and salty in flavor, warm-natured	Invigorating the liver and kidney, nourishing Yin and calming wind, nourishing blood and regulating menstruation, boosting essence and marrow, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, stop bleeding and diarrhea. Mainly treating consumptive disease and emaciation, dizziness, night sweat, impotence and prospermia, lumbago due to kidney-asthenia, anemia, chronic dysentery, hematemesis, uterine bleeding, morbid leukorrhea, thyroid swelling.	Meat	Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck	The Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea, China; sea areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and Oceania.
					Mytilus coruscus Gould	The Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea, China; the coastal areas of Japan and Korean Peninsula.
					Perna viridis (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas from Taiwan Strait to Hainan, China; the Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean.
					Trichomya hirsutus (Lamarck)	The sea areas from Nanji Island in Zhejiang to Hainan, China; Japan, Southeast Asia, India, and Australia.
					Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus)	The South China Sea, China; the sea areas from the southern part of Japan to Australia; the Indian Ocean.
					Septifer excisus (Wiegmann)	The sea area from Nanji Island in Zhejiang to Hainan, China; Japan, and Vietnam; the Indian Ocean.
24	Margarita	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Calming heart and nerves, clearing liver and improving vision, calming wind and arresting convulsion, nourishing the skin, detoxifying and promoting granulation. Mainly treating pavor and palpitation, insomnia and irritability, infantile convulsions and epilepsy, conjunctival congestion and nephelium, aphtha.	Pearl formed by stimulating in mantle of shell	Pinctada fucata martensii (Dunker)	The coastal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan, China; the southern part of Japan.
					Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus)	The sea areas of Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan, and Xisha Islands, China; from the Indian Ocean to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Pinctada maxima (Jameson)	The sea areas of Taiwan, Hainan, Leizhou Peninsula and Xisha Islands, China; the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
25	Margaritifera Concha	Salty flavor, cool-natured	Calming the liver and suppressing Yang, Soothing the nerves and arresting convulsion, Reducing phlegm and removing qi stagnation, calming nausea and preventing vomiting, relieving cough, stop drowsy, stop bleeding, improving eyesight and clearing nebula, removing maculae and nourishing skin. Mainly treating headache and dizziness, conjunctival congestion and tinnitus, palpitation and insomnia, irritability and coma, epilepsy, phlegm and retained fluid, cough and regurgitation.	Prysmatic layer and pearl layer of shell	Pinctada fucata martensii (Dunker)	The coastal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan, China; the southern part of Japan.
					Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus)	The sea areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, and Xisha Islands, China; the Indian Ocean to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Pinctada maxima (Jameson)	The sea areas of Taiwan, Hainan, Leizhou Peninsula, and Xisha Islands, China; the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
26	Ostreae Concha	Salty and astringent in flavor, slightly cold-natured	Calming the liver and suppressing Yang, mind-tranquilizing, calming wind and stop spasm, clearing heat and removing phlegm, resolving stagnation and removing abdominal mass, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, inducing astringency, relieving hyperacidity, quenching thirst, anti-tumor. Mainly treating dizziness and tinnitus, headache, tremor of hands and feet, pavor and insomnia, dysphoria, epilepsy, crewels and goiter, intestine obstruction and abdominal mass, agglomeration in breast, spontaneous perspiration and night sweat, spermatorrhea, frequent urination and, uterine bleeding, morbid leucorrhea, acid regurgitation and stomachache, wasting-thirst, carcinoma.	Conch	Ostrea gigas Thunberg	The coastal areas of China; the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Ostrea tahenwhanensis Crosse	The coastal areas of China; the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Ostrea rivularis Gould	The estuaries of the coast of China; Japan.
27	Mactrae et Lutrariae Musculus	Salty flavor, cold-natured	Nourishing Yin and clearing heat, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema, softening hard mass, eliminating phlegm. Mainly treating wasting-thirst, edema, difficult urination, jaundice, chronic hepatitis, anemia, accumulating phlegm, abdominal mass.	Meat	Mactra veneriformis Reeve	The coastal areas of China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
					Lutraria australis Reeve	The coastal areas of Fujian, Hainan, and Taiwan, China; Vietnam, Philippines, and Australia.
					Mactra mera Reeve	The coastal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, China.
28	Meretricis Concha	Bitter and salty in flavor, slightly cold-natured	Clearing lung and eliminating phlegm, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema, relieving hyperacidity and analgesia, restraining sore and eliminating dampness.	Conch	Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas from Zhejiang to Hainan, China; Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan.
					Cyclina sinensis (Gmelin)	The coastal areas of China; Japan, Korean Peninsula, and the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Meretrix lusoria (Röding)	The coastal areas from Jiangsu to Hainan, China; Japan.
					Dosinia japonica (Reeve)	The coastal areas China; the far-eastern Russia, Korean Peninsula, Japan, and Vietnam.
					Saxidomus purpurata (Sowerby)	The coastal areas of Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
29	Sepiae Endoconcha	Salty and astringent in flavor, slightly warm-natured	Astringency and hemostasis, arresting spontaneous emission and leukorrhagia, relieving hyperacidity and analgesia, astringing dampness and restraining sore, promoting meridians, relieving cold-dampness, eliminating phlegm, relieving vision nebula. Mainly treating hematemesis, uterine bleeding, hemafecia, bleeding caused by trauma, emission and straguria with turbid discharge, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, hemorrhagic amenorrhea, stomachache and acid regurgitation.	Endoconch	Sepiella japonica Sasaki	The Chinese Seas; the Indian Ocean and the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Sepia esculenta Hoyle	The Chinese Seas; the Philippines Islands.
30	Octopus	Sweet and salty in flavor, mild-natured	Nourishing and strengthening body, reinforcing qi and nourishing blood, suppressing dysmenorrhea and promoting lactation, detoxifying and promoting granulation. Mainly treating qi and blood weakness, blood deficiency and blocked menstruation, lactation deficiency after delivery, carbuncle-abscess and swelling-toxicum, chronic sore.	Meat	Octopus vulgaris Cuvier	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; wide distribution in all of the oceans.
					Octopus minor(Sasaki)	The Chinese Seas; Japan.
					Octopus fangsiao d’Orbigny	The Chinese Seas; Japan.
					Octopus ovulum (Sasaki)	The East China Sea and the South China Sea, China; the southern sea area of Japan.
31	Fenneropenaeus et Trachypenaeus	Sweet and salty in flavor, warm-natured	Boosting constitution and essence, invigorating kidney and rising Yang, nourishing Yin and calming wind, detoxifying, promoting lactation and eruption. Mainly treating impotence due to deficiency of the kidney, and, stirring of wind due to deficiency of Yin, apoplexy, tendon and bone pain, Lactation stoppage, measles.	Meat or whole body	Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea, China; the west coastal area of Korean Peninsula.
					Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (De Man)	The coastal areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, China; India, Pakistan, and Burma.
					Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Alcock)	The sea area from Zhoushan Islands in the East China Sea to the South China Sea, China; Pakistan, Buema, and Arab Ocean.
					Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea.
					Penaeus monodon Fabricius	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan, Southeast Asia, and East Africa.
32	Eriocheir et Gaetice	Salty flavor, cold-natured	Clearing heat and resolving stagnation, disintegrating blood stasis and promoting menses, subsiding swelling and detoxifying, removing food retention and abortion. Mainly treating jaundice due to damp-heat, stasis and stomachache after delivery, amenorrhea and abdominal pain, tendon and bone damage, carbuncle and furunculosis, scald.	Meat and viscera	Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards	The coastal area of China; the west coastal area of Korean Peninsula.
					Eriocheir japonica De Haan	The coastal areas of Fujian, Taiwan, and Guangdong, China; the east coast of Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
					Gaetice depressus (De Haan)	The Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
					Hemigrapsus penicillatus (De Haan)	The coastal areas of China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
33	Apostichopus et Stichopus et Thelenota	Sweet and salty in flavor, mild-natured	Nourishing the kidney and strengthening the essence, strengthening Yang and cure impotence, nourishing blood and promoting the secretion of saliva, regulating menstruation and nourishing the fetus, moisturizing dryness and smoothening intestines, hemostasis, reinforcing consumptive disease. Mainly treating kidney asthenia and damage of essence, impotence, emission, consumptive disease, deficiency of essence and blood, Yin deficiency and fatigue thin, lung asthenia and chronic cough, irritating dry cough, weakness after delivery or disease.	Whole body	Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)	The Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Stichopus variegatus Semper	The sea areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, and Xisha islands, China.
					Stichopus horrens Selenka	The sea areas of Hainan, Taiwan, and Xisha Islands, China; Madagascar, New Caledonia, Philippines, and Indonesia.
					Stichopus chloronotus Brandt	The sea areas of Hainan, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, and Nansha Islands, China; the Indian Ocean to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Thelenota ananas (Jaeger)	The sea areas of Taiwan, Xisha Islands, and Nansha Islands, China; East Africa, and Madagascar.
34	Craspidaster	Salty flavor, mild-natured	Clearing heat and detoxifying, resolving hard lump, harmonizing stomach and relieving pain. Mainly treating thyroid swelling, scrofula, crewels, stomachache and acid regurgitation, diarrhea, Otitis media.	Whole body	Craspidaster hesperus (Müller et Troschel)	The coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong, China; the southern part of Japan, Singapore, and Philippines.
					Stellaster equestris (Retzius)	The South China Sea and the East China Sea, China; the Indian Ocean to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Anthenea pentagonula (Lamarck)	The coastal areas of Guangdong, and Fujian, China.
					Rosaster symbolicus (Sladen)	The eastern sea area of Hainan Island, China; Arafura Sea, Ban Tak Sea, and Philippines Sea.
35	Asterina	Salty flavor, warm-natured	Expelling rheumatism, relieving pain, invigorating kidney, strengthening Yang, relieving hyperacidity. Mainly treating rheumatism pain in waist and lower extremities, stomachache and acid regurgitation, impotence.	Whole body	Asterina pectinifera (Müller et Troschel)	The Bohai Sea, and the Yellow Sea, China; the far-eastern sea area of Russia, Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
					Asterina limboonkengi G. A. Smith	The coastal areas of Guangdong, and Fujian, China.
					Asterina batheri Goto	The offshore area of Yantai, China; the coastal area from Honshu to Kyushu, Japan.
36	Asterias	Salty flavor, mild-natured	Harmonizing stomach and relieving pain, clearing heat and detoxifying, Calming the liver and relieving convulsion, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation. Mainly treating stomachache and acid regurgitation, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, diarrhea, epilepsy, crewels, otitis media.	Whole body	Asterias rollestoni Bell	The Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea, China; the far-eastern sea area of Russia, and the coastal area of Japan.
					Asterias amurensis Lütken	The Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea, China; the coastal areas of Asia in the northern Pacific Ocean.
					Aphelasterias changfengYingi Baranova et Wu	The Bohai Sea, and the northern part of Yellow Sea, China.
					Asterias argonauta Djakonov	The Bohai Sea, China; the southern part of Japan Sea, and Korean Peninsula.
					Asterias versicolor Sladen	The Bohai Sea, and the northern part of the Yellow Sea, China; Japan Sea and the southern seacoast of Japan.
37	Anthocidaris et Hemicentrotus et Strongylocentrotus Concha	Salty flavor, mild-natured	Softening hard mass and eliminating phlegm, Removing stasis and swelling, relieving hyperacidity and analgesia, clearing heat and detoxifying. Mainly treating tuberculosis of cervical lymph nodes, crewels and subcutaneous nodule, goiter and tumor, asthma, swelling pain in sternal ribs, stomachache, paronychia.	Calcareous bone shell	Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (A. Agassiz)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East Sea, China; Japan.
					Strongylocentrotus nudus (A. Agassiz)	The coastal areas of Liaoning Peninsula and the northern part of Shandong Peninsula, China; Japan, Russia.
					Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz)	The coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and Hainan, China; the southern part of Japan Sea.
					Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske)	The Chinese Seas; the Indian Ocean to the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Temnopleurus hardwickii (Gray)	The northern coastal areas of Fujian, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
38	Syngnathus	Sweet and salty in flavor, warm-natured	Invigorating the kidney and strengthening Yang, Removing stasis and swelling, relaxing and activating the tendons, relieving pain, hemostasis, expediting child delivery, antifatigue, anti-aging, anti-tumor. Mainly treating impotence, infertility, emission, infertility due to cold uterus, dystocia, kidney asthenia and asthma, rheumatism and paralysis pain, intestine obstruction and accumulation, crewels and goiter, traumatic injury, scrofula, carbuncle and furunculosis.	Whole body or whole body removed skin and viscera	Syngnathus acus Linnaeus	The coastal areas of Shandong, China; the southern part of Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
					Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch)	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan, Philippines, and Indonesia.
					Solegnathus hardwickii (Gray)	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; the coastal areas of Japan, India, New Zealand and Africa.
39	Hippocampus	Sweet and salty in flavor, warm-natured	Invigorating the kidney and strengthening Yang, boosting essence, relieving cough and asthma, promoting blood circulation to remove meridian obstruction, removing stasis and subsiding swelling, induced abortion. Mainly treating deficiency of the kidney asthenia and damage of essence, impotence and infertility, infertility due to cold uterus, dyspnea due to deficiency, chronic asthma, enuresis, deficient dysphoria and insomnia, intestine obstruction and accumulation, abdominal mass, stasis and stomachache, traumatic injury, bleeding wound, carbuncle and furuncle, swelling-toxicum, dystocia, scrofula and thyroid swelling.	Whole body removed viscera	Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China.
					Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan et Snyder	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan, and Vietnam.
					Hippocampus histrix Kaup	The East China Sea and the South China Sea, China; Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines.
					Hippocampus kuda Bleeker	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
					Hippocampus japonicus Kaup	The coastal areas of China, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, and Zhejiang, China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
40	Lateolabrax et Cephalopholis et Plectropomus	Sweet flavor, mild-natured	Strengthening the spleen and stomach, benefiting liver and kidney, invigorating qi and soothing fetus, dispelling cold and checking diarrhea, relieving cough and reducing sputum, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema. Mainly treating splenasthenic diarrhea, dyspepsia, infantile malnutrition, pertussis, edema, migratory arthralgia, weakness of muscles and bones, fetal irritability, hypogalactia after delivery, chronic sore and ulcer.	Meat or whole body	Lateolabrax maculatus (McClelland)	The coastal area of China, mainly in estuary areas.
					Cephalopholis argus Bloch et Schneider	The islands of the South China Sea, and the sea area of Taiwan, China.
					Plectropomus areolatus Rüppell	The islands of the South China Sea, and the sea area of Taiwan, China.
41	Larimichthys	Sweet flavor, mild-natured	Appetizing and promoting digestion, replenishing qi to invigorate the spleen, nourishing liver and kidney, improving eyesight and soothing the nerves, detoxifying and relieve dysentery. Mainly treating weakness after disease or delivery, hypogalactia, lumbago due to kidney-asthenia, edema, dim-sighted, headache, stomachache, abdominal distension due to dyspepsia, inappetence, dyspepsia, dysentery.	Meat	Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)	The southern part of Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea (until Qiongzhou Strait), China; the southwest sea area of Korean Peninsula.
					Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea; the southwest sea area of Korean Peninsula.
42	Larimichthys Auris Lithos	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Inducing diuresis for treating stranguria, clearing heat and detoxifying. Mainly treating urolithiasis, dribbling urination, cholelithiasis, rhinitis, suppurative otitis media; food and drug poisoning.	Otolith	Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)	The southern part of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea (until Qiongzhou Strait), China; the southwest sea area of Korean Peninsula.
					Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker)	The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea; the southwest sea area of Korea.
43	Scomber	Sweet flavor, mild-natured	Nourishing and strengthening body, invigorating lung and reinforcing kidney, strengthening spleen and appetizing. Mainly treating weakness of spleen and stomach, dyspepsia, vomiting and diarrhea, tuberculosis, kidney asthenia, neurasthenia.	Meat or whole body	Scomber japonicus Houttuyn	The coastal area of China; the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
					Scomber australasicus Cuvier	The southern part of the East China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, China; Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
44	Pampus et Psenopsis	Sweet flavor, warm-natured	Reinforcing qi and nourishing blood, warming kidney and invigorating Yang, relaxing tendon and benefiting bone, Mainly treating weakness of spleen and stomach, dyspepsia, anemia, weakness after illness, inability of legs and feet, soreness in bones and muscles, numbness of limbs.	Meat or whole body	Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen)	The coastal area of China; Korean Peninsula, and Indonesia.
					Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen)	The southern part of the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan.
					Pampus cinereus (Bloch)	The southern part of the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan.
					Psenopsis anomala (Temminck et Schlegel)	The southern part of the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan, and Korean Peninsula.
45	Pegasus et Eurypegasus	Sweet flavor, mild-natured	Eliminating phlegm and relieving coughing, removing and goiter stasis, invigorating kidney and strengthening Yang, strengthening spleen and checking diarrhea. Mainly treating infantile expectoration, trachitis, measles, diarrhea after measles, goiter and subcutaneous nodule, thyroid tumor, impotence due to deficiency of the kidney.	Meat or whole body	Pegasus laternarius Cuvier	The East China Sea, and the South China Sea, China; Japan.
					Pegasus volitans Linnaeus	The East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the coast of Taiwan, China.
					Eurypegasus draconis (Linnaeus)	The South China Sea, and the coast of Taiwan, China.
46	Eretmochelys	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Calming liver and arresting convulsion, clearing heat and detoxifying, dispelling heat and improving eyesight. Mainly treating aphasia from apoplexy, fever and hyperpyrexia, coma and delirium, convulsion, infantile convulsive epilepsy, dizziness, upset and insomnia, carbuncle and furunculosis, hypertension.	Carapace	Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Hainan, and islands in the South China Sea, China; tropical and subtropical sea areas.
47	Hydrophis et Laticauda et Lapemis	Sweet and salty in flavor, mild-natured	Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, promoting blood circulation to remove meridian obstruction, nourishing qi and blood, strengthening tendon and bone, relieving swelling and pain, detoxifying and stopping dysentery, relieving cough and asthma, eliminating dampness and alleviating itching, nourishing skin. Mainly treating rheumatism and paralysis pain, numbness of hands and feet, soreness in waist and knee, hemiplegia, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic arthritis, tetanus, convulsive epilepsy, scrofula, dysentery, bronchitis, leprosy and malignant sore, furuncle, skin itch, chronic eczema, mange, sore of mixed hemorrhoids.	Dried body with viscera removed	Hydrophis cyanocinuctus Daudin	The China Sea; the sea areas from the Persian Gulf, passing through Indian Peninsula to Japan and Australia.
					Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw)	The coastal areas of Shandong, Guangdong, and Taiwan, China; the sea areas from the Indian Ocean, passing through the South China Sea to Indonesia and the northern sea area of Australia.
					Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider)	The coastal area of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Taiwan, China; Japan Islands.
					Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray	The coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Taiwan, China; Japan Islands.
					Hydrophis ornatus (Gray)	The coastal areas of Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan, China; the sea areas from the Persian Gulf, passing through Indian Peninsula to Australia.
					Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw)	The coastal areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, China; the sea areas from the Persian Gulf, passing through Indian Peninsula, Australia To Papua New Guinea.
					Laticauda semifasciata (Reinwardt)	The coastal areas of Liaoning, Fujian, and Taiwan, China.
					Lapemis curtus (Shaw)	The coastal areas of Shandong, Fujian, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Hainan, and Guangxi, China.
Minerals
48	Costazia et Celleporina	Salty, cold-natured	Clearing lung and eliminating phlegm, softening hard mass and eliminating stagnation. Mainly treating phlegm-heat and cough, goiter and tumor, swelling sore.	Bone	Costazia aculeate Canu et Bassler	The southern coastal area of China.
					Celleporina costazii (Audouin)	The coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, and Nansha Islands.
49	Galaxea et Balanop	Sweet, warm-natured	Warming lung and depressing qi, strengthening Yang and promoting lactation. Mainly treating lung cold, cough and asthma, impotence, obstructed breast pulse.	Calcareous bone	Galaxea aspera Quelch	The coastal areas of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan, China.
					Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus)	The coastal areas of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, and Nansha islands, China.
					Balanophgllia sp.	The coastal areas of Guangdong, and Guangxi, China.
50	Cyrtiospirif	Sweet and salty in flavor, cold-natured	Eliminating dampness-heat, inducing urination, eliminating nebula. Mainly treating gonorrhea, difficult urination, morbid leukorrhea, hemuresis, dim eyesight due to nephelium.	Fossil	Cyrtiospirifer sinensis (Graban)	Mainly produced in Hunan, China.